state opportunism 中文意思是什麼
state opportunism
解釋
機會主義- state : n 1 〈常作 S 〉國，國家；〈通例作 S 〉（美國、澳洲的）州；〈the States〉 美國。2 國務，政權，政府...
- opportunism : n. 機會主義。n. -ist 機會主義者。adj. -istic
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By throwing penetrating light on the root of risks, we may conclude briefly that they are : the problems of the state - owned property ; the " over - supply " and " insufficient - supply " by the government coexist ; the absence of advanced capital market concluding above researches, we may get down to the main context of risks eluding as such : exploring the deep root of risks in order to depress the stimulation for the opportunism of the market participants. the basic ways would be that : to deal with effectively the deficiencies which the stock shares in the operation of debt - in - lieu - equity inflict upon the administration capability, to optimize the corporation governance - structure in the state - owned enterprises should be the core measures in the risks shunning operation
尤其在審批者缺乏有效的鑒別手段，且自身存在較強的道德風險的倩況下，國有企業具有更大的逆向選擇酮；隴在著逆向示範風險：一方面債轉股按帳面價值轉移國有椅業銀行的不良資產，對其既往不咎，容易導致商業銀行的道德風險；另一方面，在我國特定的制度背景下，所有的國有企業都將債轉股視作一項優惠政策，而這種「優惠」又往往是為「壞」企業設置的，這對非轉股的好企業就會形成逆向激勵，從而選擇拖欠本息、鬆懈管理。 -
Although williamson actually establishes the untruth of the concept of efficiency of pareto from the perspective of the asymmetric information, limited rationality and opportunism, etc. kaldor and hicks argue that the efficiency of the whole society is more important than that of the loss of some individual. additionally, some other economists addresses a wide variety of critics on the concept of efficiency of pareto, but none of them could overthrow the optimum state of pareto, and all those remarks are only confined to target at various kinds of the restrictive conditions of the concept
盡管威廉姆森從信息不對稱、有限理性和機會主義等方面證實了帕累托效率的不真實，卡爾多和希克斯認為整體性的效率要重要于某些個體的損失，還有其他經濟學家提出了各種各樣的其他批評，但他們並沒有能否定帕累托的最優化狀態，而只是考察了各種各樣的約束條件而已。
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