substitution effect 中文意思是什麼
substitution effect
解釋
代用效果- substitution : n. 1. 代，代用，代替，更替，置換。2. 【化學】取代；【數學】代換；代入；【法律】預定繼承人；【語法】詞的代用。adj. -al ,-ary adj.
- effect : n 1 結果。2 效能，效果，效力，效應，作用，功效；影響。3 感觸，印象；外觀，現象。4 旨趣，意義。5 ...
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We present some classical theories about interprocedural analysis and optimization, including call multigraph construction, inline substitution and procedure cloning, and interprocedural information ( side - effect summary sets, alias information and interprocedural constant )
然後，我們對過程間分析和優化的一些經典的理論，包括調用圖的構造，內聯替換和過程克隆，過程間信息（副作用摘要集合，別名和過程間常量）作了介紹。 -
So the sliding mode variable structure controller was discussed, which has strong robustness against the disturbance, and the chattering phenomenon inherited from vsc was taken advantage to regular valve vibration for the purpose of avoiding coagulation on it, while precision of level control can be almost unaffected. but for the reason of control limitation, especially the acceleration insufficiency, the continuous time quasi - sliding mode vsc for one class of controllable system, as the substitution of ideal sliding mode control system, which was impossible to implemented, was researched, including the three essentials, reaching condition in particular, and the chattering ex - pression was given. furthermore, the effect to quasi - sliding mode motion and chatter - ing expression by extent disturbance was also analyzed
由於控制量相對受限制，並且主要體現在控制量加速不足方面，無法實現理想的滑模變結構控制，因此本文研究了一類能控系統在這種情況下的連續系統準滑模變結構控制，包括變結構控制三要素，尤其是到達條件；並且針對塞棒掛渣問題，給出了該情況下抖振的表達式；魯棒性方面，分析了外界擾動對準滑模運動的影響，並且給出了外擾作用下抖振的表達式。 -
Substitution effect of a price change
價格變動的替代效應 -
The results suggest that there is no wealth effect in the market but only substitution effect
實證結果表明，我國房地產市場不具有財富效應而僅具有替代效應。 -
We find the effect of migration on urban economy is determined by the trade off between demand effect and substitution effect
然後闡釋了流動人口對城市經濟發展的影響取決于需求效應和替代效應的相互權衡。 -
The substitution effect will disappear if the foreign money is given for a purpose on which the recipient nation spends nothing ( or less than the grant )
如果國際援款把援助目標指向那些受助國未列財政開支（或財政開支少於救援款）的項目，這種替代效應就不復存在了。 -
In section 2. 2, i mainly focus on the insufficiency of domestic demands resulted from the difference between income effect and substitution affect of the interest - rate reduction policy
2節研究一般均衡條件下的跨期消費選擇引起內需不足，降息的收入效應大於替代效應，因此總消費下降。 -
Because of taxation in connection with the loss of the property right and profit and the effect of substitution of taxation, taxing or not in one side depends on the existing economic circumstance
由於征稅活動不僅直接關繫到相關主體財產權的損益，而且由於征稅所具有的替代效應，因此，一種稅的開征于否，一方面既離不開現實的經濟環境，也必須有相應的理論依據。 -
This article introduces related researches on non - successive structural substitution, including analysis on the characteristics of institutional structure for mixed economic organizations and their perimeter, and on impact of institutional environments such as property right, contract law, and prestige effect on mixed economic organizations
文章介紹了在這一研究思路下國外的有關研究運用非連續結構性替代分析工具，既分析了混合經濟組織的制度結構特徵，指出了混合經濟組織的邊界，又分析了產權、契約法、聲譽效應以及不確定性等制度環境因素對混合經濟組織的影響。 -
The substitution of a - site cation ln can induce significant effect on the magnetization and polarization, nevertheless b - site cation can induce more effect on the polarization of perovskite structure. as a result, the doping of titanate which had typical high dielectric behavior would have significant effect on the research and development of novel multiferroelectric magnetoelectric material
A位離子ln的取代可以對材料的磁化性能和極化性能產生影響，然而由於b位離子對鈣鈦礦結構的極化可能產生更大的作用，因而具有典型高介電行為的含ti鈣鈦礦結構的引入將可能對新型復鐵電性的磁電子材料的開發研究產生很大的影響並具有非常重要的科學意義。 -
Effect of alkoxy substitution on the conductivity of polynaphthalene vinylene
烷氧基取代對聚萘乙炔電導率的影響 -
The aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction was studied using nmr for the first time. on the base of substituents effects on the benzene, the orientation effect and reactivity was analysised quantitatively. this method may mostly predict the aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction
首次採用nmr研究芳基親電取代反應.依據取代基對苯的影響，定量分析了定位效應和反應活性.此法對芳基親電取代反應有一定的預見性 -
Comparison of substrate - reduction properties of these altered mofe proteins with wt and nifv - mofe proteins showed that : ( 1 ) only the a - gln194 substitution did not affect the total electron to proton reduction and notably double altered mofe protein with substitution of citrate and a - lys190 only retained very poor proton reduction activity. ( 2 ) a - gln194 substitution made a more direct effect on n2 reduction then other two substitutions
四個突變體固氮酶、野生型和nifv ~ -固氮酶的mofe蛋白的底物還原特性比較表明： （ 1 ） - gln ~ （ 194 ）替換不影響固氮酶還原質子時的總電子流；尤其引人注意的是，含有- lys ~ （ 190 ）和檸檬酸雙重替換的mofe蛋白幾乎完全失去了質子還原的能力。 -
The results show that, ( 1 ) under observable contracts, suppliers ' horizontal merger will have adverse impact on customers, while the impact of retailers ' horizontal merger on customers depends on the degree of product substitution : if the degree of substitution is high, it will have favorable effect on customers, otherwise, it will have adverse impact on customers ; ( 2 ) under unobservable contracts, suppliers ' horizontal merger generally will have unfavorable impacts on retailers and customers, while the effect of retailers ' horizontal merger on customers depends on the degree of product substitution : if the degree of substitution is high, it will have favorable effect on customers, otherwise, it will have adverse impact on customers
結果表明： （ 1 ）當合約可觀察時，供應商橫向兼并對消費者產生不利影響，而零售商橫向兼并對消費者產生的影響取決于產品替代性程度大小，若產品替代性程度較高，則將產生有利影響，反之將產生不利影響； （ 2 ）當合約不可觀察時，供應商橫向兼并一般將對零售商與消費者產生不利影響，而零售商橫向兼并對消費者產生的影響取決于產品替代性程度大小，若產品替代性程度較大，則兼并將對消費者產生有利影響，否則將對消費者產生不利影響。 -
However few existed in nature. many of the multiferroelectric magnetoelectric material have been synthesized by two phases for the purpose, and many of the research have always been concentrated on the substitution between the a - site cation ln and other metallic ions effect on the properties
這些材料很少存在於自然界中，為了達到這種效果，大多可以利用兩相混合燒結獲得，且主要就鈣鈦礦結構相中a位離子ln與其它金屬離子的取代及對性能影響進行研究。 -
As magazines have started to put their material out on the internet, very few have seen a substitution effect ; that is, people canceling the paper subscription to read the magazine online
當雜志有開始在英特網上熄滅他們的材料，少許的有看到替換效果;也就是說，人們取消紙捐獻在線看雜志。 -
This article compared the aristolochia medicinal plants with the substitution materials according to the stipulation of " pharmacopoeia of chinese " regarding herb, effect, chemical composition and mechanism, and discussed its feasibility
本文從本草、功效、化學成分、機制等方面將常用馬兜鈴藥用植物與《中國藥典》規定的已有替代藥材進行比較，探討其可行性。 -
( 3 ) asset price especially the stock price in china has basically no correlation with enterprises investment and it has more substitution effect than wealth effect on household consumption, but it has large demand elasticity for money
（ 3 ）我國資產價格主要是股票價格雖然與企業投資的相關關系不顯著，對居民消費的替代效應大於財富效應，但對貨幣的需求彈性較大。 -
So we should reasonably use the income effect and substitution effect of the tax - receipt, optimize economic activities of enterprises such as investment, technological advance, distribution of resources, the production and running activities and so on, finally realize the reform intention that the economic efficiency of enterprises and the financial revenue are concurrent, suitable and steadily increase
因此，我們要合理地利用稅收的收入效應與替代效應，優化企業的經濟活動，如投資、技術進步、資源配置和生產經營活動等，並最終達成企業的經濟效益與政府的財政收入同步、協調、穩健增長的改革意圖。 -
First of all, both r & d labor and r & d capital input variables are introduced into the input vector, and a two - level ces production function model is constructed to describe the technology of production. then the firm - level cross - section data of shanghai ’ s main manufacturing industries in 2003 is employed to study the input - output effect of r & d as well as the substitution relationship among input factors. moreover, the thesis also makes a methodological discussion of multicollinearity, and proposes a feasible approach to deal with the problem
首先，在生產函數的投入要素向量中引入r & d投入變量，包括r & d人力投入和r & d資本投入;然後，結合相關的研究經驗和本文的研究目的，構建了相應的二級ces生產函數模型;在此基礎之上，採用2003年上海主要製造業企業的橫截面數據，分行業研究了r & d投入對產出的作用以及r & d投入與非r & d投入之間的替代關系。
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