合作育種制 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [gězuòyùzhǒngzhì]
合作育種制
英文
group breeding scheme-
According to the differences in institutional financing and running, this article classifies the establishment and development of school operating in china into five models : founded by tuition and operated by private person, founded by enterprise and operated by educational chain, state - round school privatization, state - round school concessive running, operation by educational stock system. it analyses the establishment social background, existence rationale, main characteristics, encountering development problems, and future development of the five models. even though different models have different background, institutional predominance and limits, they all indicate their ability to effectively accommodate to and utilize market mechanism to promote the efficiency and benefit of school operating.
本文根據學校資金投入和管理方式的不同，將我國學校經營大致劃分為五種主要模式：即以私人籌資、以學養學為特徵的民辦學校滾動經營模式；以集團投資、以產養學為特徵的民辦學校連鎖經營模式；以公民合作、優勢互補為特徵的公立學校轉制經營模式；以校產國有、個人承辦為特徵的公立學校特許經營模式以及以股份籌資、專家治理為特徵的學校教育股份制經營模式，並對每種模式產生的社會背景、制度優勢和面臨的主要問題及發展前景進行了具體分析。After entry of wto, there are still many maladjustments in guangxi ' s seed industry, such as the weak foundation of sees industry development ; the unformed market of the seed industry for fair competition ; small - scale seed enterprises ; no systematic connection among the cultivation, breeding and marketing ; lower qualification of staff who work in the seed industry and with weak sense of laws, and lack of the knowledge in operating experiences in the international market and trade etc. yet the un - efficiency system, unclear property right in enterprises, the lack of an effective mechanism to promote the rational use of resources in the seed industry and the lack of such concept as " the government creates environment and enterprises create fortune " are the deep - seated causes of the problems in guangxi ' s seed industry. therefore, the key points for promoting development of guangxi ' s seed industry under the wto framework are to focus on the promotion of the developing capability of seeds " integrated products, constantly deepen reforms, to adjust various relevant factors in the system of the seed industry which is inconsistent with each other, and to establish a new - pattern system with evident characteristics of the time spirit in order to meet the requirements of the market economy. hereinto, the specific strategies and measures for promotion of guangxi ' s seed industry development under the wto framework include kee ping up reform and innovation of the system of the seed industry, executing of non - nationalization reform in state - owned seed enterprises, formulating and executing relevant supporting policies, the improving the legal system in the seed industry, increasing public financial support on the seed industry, promoting the integration of cultivation, breeding and marketing, strengthening human resource development, developing the main body of the seed industry ' s market and making proper conditions for the functions of seed associations in the seed industry development etc
研究結果認為：發展種子產業應該把著眼點放在促進種子整體產品的開發上；種子產業的發展依賴于能充分發揮整體功能的新型種業體系的構建，而目前廣西種業體系中的品種選育、種子生產加工、種子經營以及政府管理、公共支持和社會服務六個主要組成部分都存在明顯的缺陷與不足；廣西種子企業綜合競爭力總體處于較弱水平；面對wto ，廣西種子產業仍有諸多的不適應，突出表現在產業發展基礎薄弱、尚未形成可以公平競爭的種業市場、種子企業規模小、育繁銷脫節、種業人才素質不高、種子企業法律意識淡薄、國際市場運作經驗和國際貿易知識不足等多個方面，而體制不順、企業產權不明晰、缺乏促進種業資源合理流動的有效機制以及「政府創造環境，企業創造財富」的正確理念正是導致目前廣西種子產業不能適應入世需要的深層次原因；因此，以提升種子整體產品開發能力為核心，不斷深化改革，調整種業體系中不相協調的各有關因素，構建起符合市場經濟體制要求的具有鮮明時代特徵的新型種業體系，是wto框架下加快廣西種子產業發展必須堅持的指導思想；其中，加快種業體制改革和創新、實施對國有種子企業的非國有化改造、制訂落實有關扶持政策、完善種子法律法規體系、加大公共財政對種子產業的支持力度、推進育繁銷一體化的形成、加強人才培養與引進、壯大種業市場主體、實行重點突破戰略、發揮種子行業協會作用等等，都是wto框架下加快廣西種子產業發展應該採取的具體對策措施。Abstract : the main characters and seed set of bc1 ， bc2 ， bc1f2 from ms line back - crossing with the pollen of hybrid rice were studied. the appearance of a large number of self fertile plants in ms line was analyzed. the effect of introgression of restoring genes on ms line purity and hybrid yield in indica and japonica rice was discussed. it was pointed out that “ iso - cytoplasm restorer line ” was seriously reducing the purity of ms line and that hybrid rice was unsuitable for isolation zone in the seed production fields
文摘:研究了雜交稻花粉對母本不育系回交後代群體bc1 、 bc2 、 bc1f2的主要農藝性狀和育性表現，分析了不育系中出現大量自交結實株的原因，討論了恢復基因滲入對秈、粳不育系純度和雜交稻產量的影響，指出「同質恢」對降低不育系純度的嚴重性和雜交稻作制種田隔離區的不合理性。Net education is playing an important role in modern instruction as an new education pattern. but education resource measuring up net education is seriously scarce because there is idea of yearning for quick success and instant benefit and the juvenility development of education function, this is a jar problem of limiting development of net education. net course have many shortcoming and insufficient as important part of net resource
網路教學作為一種新型教育模式，在現代教學中正發揮著巨大的作用。但由於社會上存在著急功近利的思想，由於網路的教育功能發展還不夠成熟等原因，致使用於網路教學的合格教學資源不足，這幾乎成了制約網路教學發展的瓶頸問題。網路課程作為教學資源的重要組成部分同樣存在著很多的缺點和不足。In this paper, thermal evolution history of organic matter of the source rocks and hydrocarbon generation history have been researched by tti method, hydrocarbon migration direction and migration times were probed combining with the area structure development feature ; distribution pattern of the main reservoir intervals on lateral and longitudinal have been predicted by researching on development feature and control factors of the reservoir intervals, the actions of reservoir conditions in hydrocarbon accumulation and bearing also were probed combining with pore evolution feature ; the micro - pore feature of regional cap and direct seal in carboniferous - lower triassic in this area have been determined with micro - capillary pressure curve and intrusive mercury curve ; the prospecting districts have been pointed out combining with the hydro - geologic feature, the potential reservoirs were classified according to trap types in this area, the author attempt to evaluate on the hydrocarbon - bearing condition in the str ata of carboniferous ~ lower triassic from hydrocarbon generation and migration reservoir condition, reserved condition etc, and predict the reservoir types and hydrocarbon - bearing patterns combining with the structure evolution. based on above, the author point out that the central block of chenghu - tuditang synclinorium and the southern block of dangyang synclinorium are the advantageous regions for exploration
本文用tti方法研究了烴源巖有機質的熱演化史和油氣生成史，並結合區內構造發育特徵，探討油氣在區域上的運移方向和在時間上的運移期次；通過對儲集層段的發育特徵和控制因素的研究，預測了本區主要的儲集層段在橫向上和縱向上的分佈規律，並結合孔隙演化特徵，探討儲集條件在油氣聚集成藏中的作用；利用微毛細管壓力曲線法和壓汞法，對石炭系?下三疊統的區域蓋層和直接蓋層的微孔隙特徵進行了定量評價，並結合水文地質分佈特徵，指出有利於油氣保存的地區；根據區內存在的各種圈閉類型，對可能存在的油氣藏進行了分類，並試圖從油氣的生成與運移、儲集條件、保存條件等方面，動態地綜合評價石炭系?下三疊統油氣成藏條件，並結合構造演化特徵，預測其油氣藏類型和成藏模式。In education, the author explains that the educational innovation served as premise and security for the development of physics via in - depth analysis on the college education and educational system of physics in germany ; ln philosophy, to avoid the superficial and rigid opinions that philosophy either guides or hinders physics, which is resulted from one - way analysis on the influence of physical knowledge by specific philosophical knowledge, based on the combination of physical achievements by philosophy and profound philosophical knowledge, the author illustrates that the influence on german physics by philosophy reflects more on a kind of spirit a nd this very spirit brings the new quality into the german physics ; in mathematics, by means of analyzing integration of mathematics and physics at different stages, the author is tended to testify that the blooming mathematics in germany is the indispensable condition for the prosperity of german physics because. 2 mathematics provides language tools for the development of physics ; ln culture, by way of analyzing the common features of german physicists and connecting the brilliant german culture, the author audaciously brings forward that the wissenschaft ideas and faust ideas is the important driving force for the prosperity of the development of german physics
在教育方面，通過對德國大學和物理教育體制的形成的分析，說明教育改革是物理學發展的先導和保證；在哲學方面，作者避免了從具體哲學知識對物理知識影響的單一方式出發而得出「要麼指導要麼阻礙」的兩種簡單僵化觀點的弊端，將哲學對物理學成就的影響和德國物理學家群體很高的哲學素養結合起來分析，說明哲學對德國物理學的作用更多的是體現在一種氣質、精神上，正是這種氣質和精神為德國物理學的發展注入了一種新的特質；在數學方面，通過對不同時期數學和物理學融合程度的分析，證明了發達的數學是德國物理學繁榮和領先的必不可少的條件，它為物理學的發展提供了語言工具；文化方面，通過對物理學家群體特點的分析聯系燦爛的德國文化，作者大膽提出其中蘊涵的wissenschaft思想和浮士德精神是德國物理學繁榮和領先的重要動力。To settle the disadvantages of the learning evaluation system in chinese, this paper, on the basis of " compulsory national education curriculum standard of courses for chinese ", probes into some ideas, in the aspects of the relation between knowledge and abilities, procedure and method, affection and values ; in the fields of becoming literate, reading, writing, oral communication and comprehensive learning, which emphasize the process of chinese learning and the formative evaluation taking on the characters of the variety of evaluated subjects, evaluating programs and evaluating methods, fully exert the positive influence of the diagnostic, encouraging and feedback effect, in order to maximize the output and efficiently boost the development of students
單一的評價方法脫離了學生的心智發展，脫離了語文本身的文化屬性和審美屬性。語文課程評價的目的最終是為了促進學生語文素養的形成和發展。本文針對現行語文學習評價方法的局限性，以《全日制義務教育語文課程標準（實驗稿） 》為依據，從知識與能力、過程與方法、情感態度與價值觀等維度，對識字與寫字、閱讀、寫作、口語交際、綜合性學習五個方面，關注學生語文學習過程，在實踐中探求評價主體多元、項目多種和形式多樣的形成性評價方法，充分發揮評價的診斷、激勵、反饋等功能，有效地促進學生發展。Twenty f1 combinations crossed among 5 varieties and strains different in fiber properties according to complete diallel crossing design were used to evaluate the heterosis and gene action of boll weight and lint percentage in high quality fiber property varieties in upland cotton in 1998 1999 for two year successively at nanjing. it was indicated that there existed small interactions with the environmental factors without maternal effects and the additive gene effect was in chief, attaining to 51. 2 % and 65. 4 % respectively for boll weight and lint percentage. the dominant effect was also in higher rate, 32. 6 % and 16. 8 % respectively. the population mean heterosis of boll weight and lint percentage over the mid - parental mean were relatively prominent 13. 3 % and 3. 5 % respectively in extreme significance. however, boll weight showed no significantly surpassing parental f1 heterosis over the better parent based on population mean ( 2. 0 % ) ; while the lint percentage expressed significant negative heterosis value ( - 2. 1 % ). the gene actions were in conformity with the heterosis expression. it was shown clearly that the f1 combinations crossed between parents with similar performances had relatively high dominant effects and significant positive f1 surpassing parental heterosis ( f1 heterosis over the better parent ) ; while no f1 combination crossed between the parents with prominent mutual difference surpassed the higher parent in yield components, which indicated that among those parents with less difference and close relationships, there still existed sufficient genetic variation or certain mechanism for creating variation and achieving greater advances in breeding. correlation analyses also indicated that there still existed severely undesirable negative correlation between yield and fiber properties as well as the difficulties for their simultaneous improvements
利用5個具有不同纖維品質性狀的品種（系）配製完全雙列雜交組合20個，通過親本和f1的2年隨機區組試驗發現產量性狀的鈴重和衣分與環境的互作效應小，不存在母體效應，並以加性遺傳效應為主，分別占表型方差的51 . 2 %和65 . 4 % ;顯性遺傳效應所佔的比率也較高，分別為32 . 6 %和16 . 8 % .鈴重和衣分的群體平均優勢較大，分別為13 . 3 %和3 . 5 % ，達到了極顯著;鈴重的超親優勢為2 . 0 % ，不顯著;衣分為顯著的負值（ - 2 . 1 % ） .遺傳分析與雜種優勢結果一致.具體表現在產量性狀上，親本相當配製的組合雜合顯性較高，其超親優勢正向顯著，而極值親本（差異較大）所配組合沒有超過高親的.這表明親本差異小、親源關系較近的親本中仍然存在足夠的遺傳變異或某種機制以創造變異使育種取得更大的進展.相關分析表明了仍然存在嚴重的品質與產量的負相關，遺傳改良的難度較大The results indicated that opposite maize had widespread heterosis like alternative maize ; yield advantage of opposite f1 ( alternative alternative ) was better than that of f1 ( opposite opposite ) and f1 ( alternative opposite or reverse ) ; general combining ability of yield characters was decreased by opposite characters transfer maize, but alternative maize with opposite genes has high general combining ability, so that on the opposite maize breeding, alternative inbred lines with different opposite genes can be parents for breeding hybrid lines ( alternative alternative ) and hybrid varieties with more seeds and high yield can be obtained
結果表明：對生玉米同互生玉米一樣具有普遍的雜種優勢，在產量性狀上f1對生株優勢互互組合大於對對組合和對互（互對）組合；對生性狀的轉育對產量性狀的一般配合力有降低效應，而含有對生基因的互生玉米具有較高的一般配合力效應，因此，在對生玉米育種中可以利用含有不同對生基因的互生自交系作親本來組配雜交組合（互互） ，從而獲得較高的制種產量和高產的對生雜交種。3. 4 institutional support - institution building will involve upgrading of existing breeding strategies by working with the breeding centres and ai service stations ; collaboration with local research institutions in the areas of genetics, grading, animal husbandry, food processing and marketing ; and the strengthening of extension services through the establishment of a beef industry centre and training of provincial livestock technicians
3 . 4機制支持機制建立通過同育種中心和人工授精服務站共同工作，通過在基因學評級畜牧業食品加工和市場營銷方面同當地研究機構進行合作，及通過建立肉牛業中心和培訓省級家畜技術人員加強推廣服務，將有助於升級現在的育種戰略。The third chaptcr probes into the actuality of higher education on the realization of pluraiistic on school - run - body. according to the combination of tbe school - run - body, thi8 dissertation divides the concretc content into eight modeis. these modcis are owned - and - run by the locai people, run by the iocal people and subsidizcd by the state, associatc to run a school betwecn public schools and non - govcrnmcnt schools, run a school by stock system, run by government and subsidised by local people, transfer mcchanism in public univcrsity and college, thc second privatc college in the state - run nnivcrsity, sino - foreign joint schools
通過比較研究，得出了實行辦學主體多元化，是當前我國高等教育發展道路的必然選擇的結論，第三章分析了我國高等教育辦學主體多元化的現狀，按照辦學主體的不同，把辦學主體多元化的具體內容概括為以下幾種主要模式：民有民辦、民辦公助、公辦民助、公立高校轉制、國有民辦二級學院、公民聯辦、股份合作制辦學、中外合作辦學等八種類型。The author believes that government should establish regional economic development strategy from the angle of the whole country and build the regional economic relationship with internal and external circle. the establishment of regional strategy should be guided by the view of market. the government should forcefully propel the establish of central and western regions " factors markets, nature the central region of economic development, enhance the reform strength in central and western regions, deepen the open to the outside, build the growth foundations recycling around the hi gh technology, develop the rural and town enterprises, propel the economic connection and cooperation between the central and western region, and prompt the fundamental transform of the economic system and the way of economic growth in the central and western region
作者認為，應從全國角度科學地制定分區域的經濟發展戰略，合情合理地確定一個區域的發展方向，建立內循環與外循環相結合的區域經濟關系，區域戰略的制定始終貫徹市場的觀念，政府要積極推動中西部要素市場的建立，有計劃、有重點地培育經濟發展核心區，加大中西部地區改革力度，擴大對外開放，積極建設以高新技術產業為核心的增長極軸，大力發展中西部地區的鄉鎮企業，多種手段促進東中西部地區橫向經濟聯合與合作，切實推進中西部地區經濟體制和經濟增長方式兩個根本性轉變。It is very important to investigate and clone related genes under fe - deficiency stress in malus xiaojinensis, which not only provides the probability for exploring molecular mechanism of the absorbability and transport of fe, but also may enhance the resistance under fe - deficiency stress of plants by inserting related genes into chromosome genome
因而研究和克隆缺鐵脅迫相關基因不僅為進一步研究蘋果吸收、轉運鐵的分子機制提供基礎。其次，在提高植物對鐵脅迫抗性的遺傳育種中，可以利用基因工程技術，將鐵脅迫相關基因整合到作物染色體基因組中，從而達到有效控制鐵營養的目的。Based on the features, disadvantages and constraints of iheeb in china, the author draws a series of conclusions and gives some basic suggestions for constructing and developing chinese iheeb. the main suggestions are as follows. it is suitable for china to opt for the construction of " government - dominated " iheeb, which are directed by five basic principles - synchronizing the construction of theeb with the reform of the political system and the higher education system, laying equal stress on academic orientation and administrative orientation, structuring iheeb well and running them efficiently, managing iheeb to norms, and implementing iheeb in terms of stages and regions
通過綜述國內外相關研究成果，在採用文獻研究、比較研究、理論分析等方法的基礎上，本文以界定高等教育評估中介機構的概念為前提，著重分析國外高等教育評估中介機構的四種主要模式及模式抉擇的主要因素，結合我國高等教育評估中介機構的基本特點、現存問題及制約因素，構建出建立具有中國特色的高等教育評估中介機構的基本思路：在堅持與政治體制改革和高等教育體制改革同步、學術導向與行政導向並重、精簡高效、規范化運作及分階段、分區域實施五項原則的指導下，建立「政府主導型」高等教育評估中介機構是適合當前我國國情的選擇。Moreover, normal education, the low of teachers " professional specialization, the teachers " teaching belief, the need and consciousness to develop themselves, professional development intention, profession level and profession state can also affect the teachers " reflection. finally, it gives some advice from the setting of outside supportive environment and the teachers " self - construction. i hope our schools can create a comfortable and cooperative supportive system for the teachers to reflect from the concept and system
最後，從外部支持性環境的創設與教師自身建設兩方面提出幾點建議，希望我們的學校能從觀念和制度方面為教師的反思創設一種寬松、合作的支持系統，教師自身要重新審視教師職業，加強職業道德修養，增強責任感，以行動研究為基點，培養自我的問題意識和研究意識，既把反思作為一種教育理念的價值觀，又作為認識教育問題的思維方式，養成反思習慣，追求理想的專業自我。University governance based on stakeholders is a multiplex system of higher education management in which stakeholders including government, staff members and students in institutions of higher learning, the work world and community groups jointly participate and cooperate on the basis of partnership
摘要高校利益相關者治理模式是政府、高校的教學人員、研究人員、學生及行政人員、職業界和社會團體等共同參與的基於合作夥伴關系的多元化的一種高等教育管理體制。Joint - stock system to run schools is an important way to expand education
股份合作制辦學是發展教育的一種重要形式。Therefore, teco has been leading the industry by establishing our own independent quality control system, targeting on the international quality standard, proactively cultivating outstanding technical talents and organizing the solidest construction team. teco also forges alliances with worldwide professional construction companies to accomplish " service innovation " and " technological innovation " by way of the cooperation of talent interchange, technology transfer and introduce advanced professional techniques and methods
基於這種體認，我們一直以建立獨立自主的品質管制系統，領先同業的權威地位，創造國際級的工程品質為目標，積極培育優秀技術人才，建立最堅實的施工團隊，不斷與國際專業工程公司結盟，透過人才交流及技術移轉合作方式，引進先進專業技術及工法，厚植服務創新及技術革新的基石。In 1989, the japan federation of economic organizations ( keidanren ) and federation of thai industries ( fti ) realized that thailand was in need of qualified engineers who could work with international companies and organizations. it was suggested that a self - supporting and independent educational institution in which english is the medium of instruction be established
1989年，日本經濟組織聯合會和泰國工業總會逐漸意識到泰國需要一批能夠在國際性大公司或組織內勝任工程師職務的人員，這就意味著需要確立起以英語作為授課語言的教育體制，這種教育體制不依靠政府的財政支持，完全自立的。The methodology on change in that period are summarized as changing the schools in the way of innovation, enriching the strategies for change with the experimenta1 methodoiogical thoughts. surpassing the antithesis between two extremes with the tl1inking principle of continuity. the author then dissects some exal11ples of change in europe and the u. s. from the 50s to the 70s, such as the curriculum reform guided by the structuralistic curriculum theory the successfui or t l failing cases of the progressive experimental schoo1s lasting in the 50s, oecd ' s poxter - - coerci ) e strateg } -, rational - mpirical strateg } " and normative - - re - educativ ' e - strateg } "
然後對歐美50 - 70年代以結構主義課程論為指導思想的課程改革、進步主義實驗學校延續到50年代以後的失敗的或成功的案例、歐洲經濟合作與開發組織oecd在「 prdd 」戰略中開發的權力?強制策略、經驗?合理性策略、規范?再教育策略等變革實例進行了剖析；同時也對一些側重於「思想探險」的案例進行了評論，這些案例如伊里奇的「非學校化社會」理論和四種學習網路、古德曼的「六條替代性建議」 、 《學會生存》關于以自學為原則的學習化社會的描述等等。分享友人