Stability of rock slopes is generally controlled by the structure of rock masses, especially the soft structure surfaces. analysis of rock mass structures is a key to establish geological models and numerical simulation and a foundation to assess the stability of rock slopes. the weak structure surfaces are mainly bedding planes, faults, joints, schistosity plane and contact zones of intrusive bodies. since they are different in genesis and scale, the rock masses are different in features and mechanical intensities. based on the combination of rock structure bodies, 15 basic modes of deformation and failure of rock slope are systematically summarized. the deformation and failure of rock masses actually result from the recombination and rearrangement of these rock bodies. there are 11 types of rock mass structures and various deformation and failure of bank slopes are present in the reservoir area of the three gorge project
巖體結構，特別是軟弱結構面對基巖斜
坡變形與破壞具有顯著的控製作用，巖體結構模式分析是建立斜
坡地質模型和數學模型的關鍵和評價斜
坡穩定性的基礎。巖層層面斷
裂構造節理
裂隙片理與劈理以及侵入體和圍巖的接觸帶等是控制基巖斜
坡穩定的軟弱結構面，這些成因不同大小不一的結構面將巖體分割成性質各異力學強度不均的各種巖體結構體，構成了15種基巖斜
坡變形破壞的巖體結構基本模式。不同結構體的重新組合與排列是斜
坡失穩的內在原因。
Furtherly, according to their state in suffering force and their modes of initial motion, the casualty loess landfalls on the house side - slope are classified into two types of tension - sliding loess landfall and collapsed earth cave dwelling
根據土體受力狀態和起始運動方式，將宅基邊
坡傷亡性黃土崩塌劃分為張
裂?滑移式黃土崩塌和坍窯兩種類型，總結了其前兆、時空分佈特徵，著重分析了其形成原因。
The le - an oil field is located on the southern slope of dong - ying sag. there are two sets of ek basalt in its western block. depending on the drilling, the logging and the seismic date, tha ek basalt has the characteristics of high resistancs, the low sound wave defferance and faradic conductance, the smooth curve of self potential
樂安油田位於東營窪陷南斜
坡上，其西區發育了兩套孔店組玄武巖，根據鉆井、測井、地震資料，孔店組玄武巖具有電阻率高、聲波時差值和感應電導率值低、自然電位曲線平直的特點，地震波呈板狀強反射；沉積期該區有有二次火山活動，玄武巖平面分佈比較穩定，噴發方式為「
裂隙式噴溢」 ，火山口分別位於草12和草31井附近。
Cracks have been found in the flange and web splices at groove welds in at least four bridges.
至少在四座橋梁的翼緣板和腹板拼接
坡口焊縫中發現了
裂紋。
The new applications of survey are described in the fields of indicating underground advance, seeking out lossed ore deposit, discovering neotype deposit for detecting the gold deposit ; determining productive aquifer for looking for groundwater ; discovering fracturation zone controlling crop out of hot spring for developing the hot spring, and locating the position of ancient rock slide for prospecting the earth slide
摘要綜述了應用輕便測量技術在地礦及地下水尋找等方面的一些新應用，例如：在金礦勘探中指導坑道掘進，找到了被遺漏的礦體，發現了新的礦化類型；在地下水尋找中，確定了富水層位；在溫泉開發中，探明了控制溫泉出露的斷
裂帶；在滑
坡研究中，確定了古滑
坡的具體位置。
The slope stability question is influenced by many kinds of inherent factors, for instance geological structure, intensity of rock body, development state of joint and crack, cohesive force ( c ) of the rock, interior angle of friction ( f ), groundwater, etc., these objective factors reflect generally their sizes with some quantitative parameter indexes in the past
邊
坡穩定問題受多種內在因素影響，如地質構造、巖體強度、節理
裂隙發育狀況、巖石的內聚力（ c ） 、內摩擦角（ ） 、地下水等，這些客觀因素過去一般用某些定量參數指標來反映其大小。
As the increase of domestic high - rise buildings, more and more deep foundation trench supporting constructions have come into existence. among the general geographical condition of the urban district in qingdao, most of regions, which mainly consist of strong de composed rocks, are in quite good condition. except for the sandy soil and oozy soil along sea sides. but the development of rock cracks and breaking zones and unstable lamprophyre still exist, so blasting is needed during constructions of foundation trench. blasting have bad influence on the stability of slopes. moreover. the slope - liding has happened for several times, so the engineering project of foundation trench attracts more attention of people
隨著國內高層建築的發展，深基坑支護工程越來越多，綜合青島市區的地質狀況，除海邊有砂性土及淤泥軟土外，大部分地域巖土條件相對較好，多以強風化巖為主，但巖石
裂隙發育，間或有斷
裂帶和穩定性極差的煌斑巖穿插其中，基坑施工時需要爆破施工，對邊
坡的穩定造成了不利影響，加之連續出現的幾次滑
坡失穩事件，基坑支護工程越來越引起了各方面的重視。
On the formation mechanism, the rills were mainly formed by the concentrated action of the runoff on dyke slope, while the formation of socket mainly depended on surface runoff, subsurface flow and the existing defects within the dykes such as crack, mouse hole, fox and brocks dens
在成因上，前者主要是降雨形成超滲地面徑流的集中對戧
坡的侵蝕作用而形成；後者主要與
坡面徑流、壤中流，以及土堤的薄弱點（如
裂縫、鼠洞、狐1一灌洞等）有關。
But at the present, because of chronic geomorphy disintegration, altitude and ascent of bank slope have been built down and palliated. especial rock mass mechanics condition has not been existent, so all kinds of rock mass fracturing deformation was stopped to developing and steady
但目前因長期的地貌剝蝕作用，壩肩岸
坡的高度及
坡度均已大為降低減緩，特殊的巖體力學條件已不復存在，巖體內部的各類張
裂變形亦停止發展，處于破
裂發展穩定階段。
The mechanical genesis of the complicated rock mass is because several times of tectonism in pro - period made the structure of rock mass in the right dam foundation damaged seriously and rock mass alteration made its mechanical character more anisotropy. after that the fractures in the right dam foundation slope were stretched at the beginning of the quaternary period because in the period yakouhoushan mountain quaquaversal dome was blowups quickly. at the same time, the valley trenching of lancang river reach to 800 - 1000 meter in altitude at the right bank in nuozadu dam site
導致右岸巖體復雜化的成因是，右岸巖體在早期遭受了多期構造作用和巖體蝕變的基礎上，第四紀早期丫口後山穹隆的快速隆起與當時河谷下切至800m 1000m高程這一特殊因素組合引起了右岸巖體沿原有的斷
裂（
裂隙）張開，使地下水等風化營力能夠到達
坡體較深部位，經過長期的風化卸荷作用，形成了右岸復雜巖體。
Subsoil ; calculations of terrain rupture and slope rupture
地基.地層斷
裂和邊
坡斷
裂的計算
The oozing out of a large quantity of muddy water from the base or the weep holes of a slope indicates that the slope is saturated with water
斜
坡底部或疏水孔有大量泥水透出時，顯示斜
坡內的水份已飽和，斜
坡之中段或頂部有
裂
( 2 ) according to the forming model of the deep pull cracks, they can be divided into three classes pulled cracks -, pressed cracks and sheared cracks. ( 3 ) based on the two - dimensional and three - dimensional finite element methods. the following results can be affirmed : in the slope excavating process, the base surface will rebound in the direction of the excavating surface ' s excerior normal. the maximal displacements of the left and right bank are + 3. 6cm and + 2. 4cm ; the arch abutment will rebound in the direction of the river valley, the maximal displacements of the two bank are + 3. 5cm and + 2. 2cm ; the upstream and downstream surface will rebound in the direction of the normal direction. the maximal displacements are + 2. 1cm and + 1. 7cm. ( 4 ) the natural slope is stable
（ 3 ）通過二維及三維有限元分析得知，左右岸拱肩槽邊
坡在開挖過程中，開挖底面主要表現為朝開挖面外法線方向發生回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 3 . 6cm 、 + 2 . 4cm ；拱端面主要表現為向河谷方向發生側向回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 3 . 5cm 、 + 2 . 2cm ；上下游
坡面主要表現為向臨空方向的回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 2 . 1cm 、 + 1 . 7cm ；開挖使巖體產生由卸荷回彈導致的傾倒拉
裂現象。
Then, a thunderous sound came from the rear of the house. the kitchen on the back slope had collapsed under the sudden onslaught of a torrential flow of muddy water, and had fallen on the last row of concrete houses on the slope. rocks of all sizes, washed down by the muddy water, smashed through the windows into the rooms and then rushed through the doors into the living room and out into the courtyard at lower levels
謝師兄在打坐中依稀聽到爸爸走進客廳的聲音，突然一聲山崩地
裂的巨響從屋后傳來，後山腰的廚房被突如其來的土石流沖擊倒塌，壓到斜
坡上最後一排的鋼筋房子，土石流沖破兩三間房間的窗戶玻璃，大小石塊挾雜在洪水中，從窗口沖進房間，又從房門竄流出來，直奔地勢較低的客廳和庭院，家頓時變成土石流的出水口。
Third, in the loess area, there is tension fractures on the top of slope generally. deep of the tension fracture could be deduced theoretically by columb strength theory
3 、黃土地區，邊
坡后緣常存在垂直張
裂縫，
裂縫深度根據土的強度指標可以計算。
So it is hope to find gently - biodegradation - oil of pingdiquan formation at declination direction of slope. the paper also points out the next aspect of exploration. east - slope of jimusaer depression and the dropped side of jimusaer rupture are the next advantageous aspect of exploration
指出吉木薩爾凹陷東斜
坡及吉木薩爾斷
裂下盤是下一步勘探的有利方向，降解瀝青（或稠油）與巖性共同形成封堵，對油氣富集起封堵作用，在斜
坡下傾方向有望發現第二期的受生物降解程度弱的油藏。
The investigation and study showed that caused by the influencing factors of unit of tectonics, structures of floor rock stratum, conditions of landform, seismic intensities, fault, thickness of malan loess, the distribution of seismic loess landslides is very asymmetrical, which mainly show shapes of patch, belt, line, and there are different development characteristics in different regions
現場調查顯示，受大地構造單元、基底巖層結構、地形地貌條件、地震烈度、斷
裂構造和馬蘭黃土臨空厚度等因素影響，地震黃土滑
坡的展布形態較為復雜，在空間上分佈很不均勻，常表現為片狀、帶狀和線狀展布，並在不同區域有不同的發育特點。
Often lack of fusion adjacent to the girder web in the transverse groove welds led to the cracking.
在靠近主梁腹板的橫向
坡口焊縫處常常出現未熔透而導致
裂紋。
Cause analysis of crack formation on the ash - ward slope of zishan dam and measures of prevention and cure with grouting
紫山灰壩迎灰
坡裂縫成因分析及灌漿防治對策
Finally, based on the test results, effective stress principle for unsaturated soils is developed. numerical models for fissures network seepage and unsaturated fissured expansive soil consolidation are developed and finite element programs named usfem and ucfem are designed respectively
最後，在試驗的基礎上，發展了非飽和土的有效應力原理，建立了膨脹土邊坡裂隙網路入滲的數學模型和非飽和裂隙膨脹土固結的數學模型，並編制了相應的有限元程序usfem和ucfem 。
