恆常原則 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [héngchángyuánzé]
恆常原則
英文
principle of constancy-
Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映This feature reflects the physical phenomenon of breaking of waves and development of shock waves. in the fields of fulid dynamics, ( 0. 2. 1 ) is an approximation of small visvosity phenomenon. if viscosity ( or the diffusion term, two derivatives ) are added to ( 0. 2. 1 ), it can be researched in the classical way which say that the solutions become very smooth immediately even for coarse inital data because of the diffusion of viscosity. a natural idea ( method of regularity ) is obtained as follows : solutions of the viscous convection - diffusion pr oblem approachs to the solutions of ( 0. 2. 1 ) when the viscosity goes to zeros. another method is numerical method such as difference methods, finite element method, spectrum method or finite volume method etc. numerical solutions which is constructed from the numerical scheme approximate to the solutions of the hyperbolic con - ervation laws ( 0. 2. 1 ) as the discretation parameter goes to zero. the aim of these two methods is to construct approximate solutions and then to conside the stability of approximate so - lutions ( i, e. the upper bound of approximate solutions in the suitable norms, especally for that independent of the approximate parameters ). using the compactness framework ( such as bv compactness, l1 compactness and compensated compactness etc ) and the fact that the truncation is small, the approximate function consquence approch to a function which is exactly the solutions of ( 0. 2. 1 ) in some sense of definiton
當考慮粘性后，即在數學上反映為（ 0 . 1 . 1 ）中多了擴散項（二階導數項） ，即使很粗糙的初始數據，解在瞬間內變的很光滑，這由於流體的粘性擴散引起，這種對流-擴散問題可用古典的微分方程來研究。自然的想法就是當粘性趨于零時，帶粘性的對流-擴散問題的解在某意義下趨于無粘性問題（ 0 . 1 . 1 ）的解，這就是正則化方法。另一辦法從離散（數值）角度上研究僅有對流項的守恆律（ 0 . 1 . 1 ） ，如構造它的差分格式，甚至更一般的有限體積格式，有限元及譜方法等，從這些格式構造近似解（常表現為分片多項式）來逼近原守恆律的解。Although sewage treatment is provided as a public service, it involves substantial operating costs. that s why the government has implemented the polluter pays principle to fund the ongoing operation and maintenance of all sewage treatment in hong kong, including the harbour area treatment scheme
雖然污水處理設施是由政府提供的公共服務，但由於營運成本高昂，因此政府落實污染者自付原則，為全港的污水處理設施（包括凈化海港計劃）提供恆常性的營運和保養的開支。Which will eventually form stars of spectral types g, k or m. t tauri stars are surrounded by a huge cloud and they are very young, with low surface temperature. they emit most of their light in the infrared region and they appear red. a general principle is, a violent reaction will give out short wavelength waves, like gamma rays or x - rays ; while a gentle process will radiate long wavelength waves, like radio or infrared
，這類星最後會演化為g k或m型恆星，金牛座t型星為表面溫度低而非常年青的恆星，四周被星雲所圍繞，所以這種星顏色偏紅，較容易在紅外線波段找到一個普遍的原則是，如果活動越激烈，則所放出的光波波長越短，主要會為伽瑪或x射線如果活動溫和，則會發放出如無線電波或紅外線等長波長電磁波。If there are multiple invariant sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number
如果具有名稱重復但是內容不同的恆常章節，則將任一個這樣子的章節的標題，以在它的後面增加的方式加以獨特化，如果已知的話，于括號中指出那個章節的原始作者或出版者的名稱，或是指定一個獨特的號碼。分享友人