最低提單費 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zuìdīdīdānbì]
最低提單費
英文
minimum bill of lading charge-
In this paper i calculate the reasonable possession quantity of port handling machineries with chance - constrained linear programming. first in the paper is the background and meaning of this research ; then analysis present situation of port machinery management both in practice and theory ; in chapter 3, i qualitatively discusses characters influencing machinery quantity, which include lifting ton, intact rate and using rate, age of machinery, machinery purchase and working cost and so on. in chapter 4, i take the influencing characters to mathematic model of chance - constrained linear programming, aiming to maintain the need of production and reduce machinery cost
文章首先介紹了選題的背景、意義以及主要工作；第2章介紹了港口機械管理在港口企業管理中的地位與作用，以及我國港口機械設備管理與配置現狀，並簡要介紹目前港機合理擁有量的理論研究方法；第3章從技術與經濟角度定性分析了各種因素對港機擁有量的影響，其中主要包括機械起運量、完好率與利用率、機械設備役齡、購置與營運成本等；第4章將各種影響因素引入模犁，提出以完成生產任務、機械成本最低為目標，應用隨機線性規劃模型計算港口流動機械合理擁有量的方法；第5章以大連港大港區為例對模型進行應用，選擇四種型號叉車為研究對象，對其歷史經濟與技術數據進行統計分析，其中重點對隨機變量單位臺時維修費用進行了正態分佈擬合。On the basis of collecting and processing many datum and materials. firstly. this paper analyzes main activities and cost constitutions of each stage of the life cycle of a fcs, and lay a foundation for later analysis and evaluation of system lcc. secondly, a basis method and usage range for estimating the system lcc are introduced. a multivariate linear regression model of pcs development cost and cost driven factor is built by use of the parametric method and supplies the base of cost estimation of newly - developed systems. thirdly, combine actual examples and make statistical analysis of lcc of a certain pcs developed by our institute, predict unhappened usage and service cost with grey prediction method, obtain proportion of each constitute to the lcc. forthly, according to actual conditions, use the fuzzy theory to overall evaluate efficacy of the fcs, fifthly, combimng our actual conditions, investigate specific measures of how to implement the life cycle cost management in our institute and put forward a new conception of developing web - based flight control system lcc management information system with pdm as the platform. at last, investigate important factors such as reliability and maintainability that may affect the life cycle cost of the fcs in detail, and put forward specific methods of lowering the life cycle cost of the fcs
論文在收集和整理大量資料的基礎上，首先深入分析了飛控系統壽命周期各階段的主要活動以及各階段的費用構成，為以後系統壽命周期費用的分析和評價奠定了基礎；其次，介紹了壽命周期費用估算的基本方法和使用范圍，並利用參數法建立了飛控系統研製費用與費用驅動因子的多元線性回歸模型，為新研系統的費用估算提供了依據；第三，結合實例對我所研製的某型飛控系統的壽命周期費用進行統計分析，運用灰色預測方法對未發生的使用及維修費用進行預測，得出了該系統的壽命周期費用以及各組成部分所佔比例；第四，根據實際情況，首次運用模糊理論對飛控系統的系統效能進行了綜合評價，構造了飛控系統系統效能模糊綜合評價模型；第五，結合我所實際，探討了如何在本單位實施加強壽命周期費用管理的具體措施，提出以pdm為平臺，開發基於web的飛控系統lcc管理信息系統的新構思；最後，對影響飛控系統壽命周期費用的重要因素如可靠性和維修性等進行了詳細地研究，提出了降低飛控系統壽命周期費用的具體方法。If the documents called for do not include insurance policy ( ies ) or certificate ( s ) we undertake to produce to you within 15 days from the date of this application an insurance policy or certificate acceptable to you and in your name for the cfr value plus at least 10 percent, failing which you may effect insurance at your expense but you are not obliged to do so
若信用狀內容所需附單據，不包括保險單據者，本公司承諾願于開狀日後十五日內，提供以貴行為受益人之保險單或保險證書且最低保險金額為貨物之cfr價值加計百分之十，倘本公司未履行保險事宜，貴行有權代為投保，費用由本公司負擔，但貴行並無代為投險之義務Best of all, unlike proposals for green taxes or higher electricity prices to pay for expensive windmills and nuclear plants, the prospect of lower power and petrol bills makes efficiency measures attractive to consumers
其中最好的改進不像那些為了支付昂貴的風車站與核電站而採取的環保稅收或收取更高的電費措施，低額的能源與汽油燃料帳單將可能使消費者們偏好這種提高效率的措施。It is shown that the target export rebate system should be established through five facets : the reform of the value - added tax ( vat ) system, the setting of the rebate rate, the unification of the administrative measure of the export rebate, the optimization of the rebate fiscal burden and the strengthen of the administration of the export rebate, which can ultimately acquire the least rebate cost and the maximum rebate benefit. to be detail, first, the existing vat system should be reformed, the vat system should be transformed from the production model to consumption model and the administration of levying tax should be strengthened, which can establish a good basis for the optimization of the export rebate system ; second, after considering the national and international practical situation comprehensively, the suitable rebate rate which is combined " neutral and different " should be chosen, and a set of elastic system of rebate rate which has both relative stability and timing flexibility should be establish ed ; third, with the further deepening of the reform of foreign trade system and the gradual improvement of the ability of the administration of the export rebate, the existing two kinds of administrative measures should be gradually transited to the single measure - " exemption, credit and rebate " ; forth, the existing sharing measure of vat should be innovated, the new rebate burden system - " first rebate then share " should be built ; fifth, a set of stimulation and restriction system of export enterprises and tax authorities should be built to strengthen the administration of export rebate effectively
研究表明，我國目標出口退稅機制需要從五個方面進行構建：即增值稅制度改革、退稅率設置、退稅管理辦法統一、退稅財政分擔優化和退稅管理的強化，最終方可達到總體退稅成本最低和退稅收益的最大化。更具體地說，一是改革現行增值稅制度，將我國增值稅制度由生產型逐步轉為消費型，並強化征稅管理，為退稅機制的優化奠定基礎；二是在綜合考慮國內國際實際情況的前提條件下，選擇適宜我國的「中性與非中性」相結合的退稅率，並建立一套具有相對穩定性和適時靈活性的彈性退稅率機制；三是伴隨著外貿體制改革的進一步深化和退稅管理能力的逐步提高，將現行兩種出口退稅管理辦法逐步過渡到以「免、抵、退」為主的單一管理辦法；四是改革現行增值稅共享辦法，建立「先退稅后共享」的新型退稅負擔機制；五是建立一套針對出口企業和稅務機關的激勵約束機制，有效強化出口退稅的管理。They argue that the difficulties in supply of rural public goods is formed mainly by lacking of township government foundation, also by the imperfect of current public goods provide institution. this article does microanalysis of village s from specific case and peasants themselves on the basis of research with the positive method. the author thinks that the reason for difficulties of rural public goods supply in village s is a lot deeper, rather than lack of funds and inefficient
本文在現有研究成果的基礎上，著眼于運用實證調研的方法，從具體農村的個案和農民個體的角度對s類農村進行微觀分析，認為造成稅費改革后s農村公共產品供給困境的原因不僅僅是缺乏資金和公共產品供給制度不健全這么簡單，除此之外，還存在著許多深層次的原因，具體表現為:缺乏提供公共產品的資金來源;農民存在向最後者看齊的特殊公正觀和搭便車行為，缺乏出資生產公共產品的積極性;打工潮導致農民與村莊利益關聯度降低和人際關系的陌生化，合作成本增加。It emphasize in the macro view that we should enhance the lawmaking, develop association about engineering cost management, and broaden the service field of the organization on engineering cost consultation etc. from the micro view, considering that the architecture ' s price may be totally formed by the market and it may connect with international tradition, we discussed how to ferry stream from quota price to bill - quantity price, how to ferry stream from government making - price to enterprise free making - price. also we discussed how to compile bill - of - quantity, how to determine price of bidding strategies of bidding and how to quote price under the bill - of - quantity model. study of a certain reasonable low price, problems and countermeasures of the lowest bid approach in making bid and inviting bid has been discussed too
強調：宏觀上，工程造價管理要加強立法、加強工程造價管理協會的建設、拓寬工程造價咨詢機構的服務面等；微觀上，針對建築產品價格完全由市場形成及與國際慣例接軌的要求，討論在剛剛開始推行工程量清單計價模式下，如何使定額計價向工程量清單計價過渡，建築產品如何由政府定價向企業自主定價過渡，以及工程量清單編制、標底價格的確定、施工企業的投標報價；研究在工程招投標過程中， 「合理低價」的確定方法，無標底招標可能出現的問題及對策；最後提出費用組成及計價方式的改革，使得工程造價更符合工程的實際情況，更有利於企業間的競爭。分享友人