概不例外 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [gàibùlìwài]
概不例外
英文
there is no exception to . . -
Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。From the concept and evolution of the exceptional exclusion system of the voting rights of corporation, it actually is exception betray of one percent stock equal to one percent voting rights, legionary capital deciding principles. however, it is different from the limitation system of the voting rights of corporation, it possesses the following legal characteristics : the particularity to apply principal part, the exception character of cause conditions, the compulsive character of rules restriction and the uncertain character of behavior effectiveness
從公司表決權例外排除制度概念的界定、制度的源起與演變來看，該制度實質上是對一股一表決權的資本多數決原則的例外背離，卻又不同於公司表決權限制制度，其具有適用主體的特殊性、原因情形的例外性、規則約束的強制性、行為效力的不確定性等法律特徵。To solve the inaccuracy problem caused by the two existing methods ( average end - area method and prismoidal method ) used for the calculation of roadway earthwork volume, this paper puts forward a new concept of the 3 - dimensional algorithm that takes all the roadway geometric design procedures as a kind of geometrical operation between the ground model ( original terrain model ) and the roadway model ( designed model ) under certain constraints, and then presents a complete 3 - dimensional algorithm of roadway earthwork volume as well as its executable computer program. the algorithm benefits from the re - triangulation technique of constrained delaunay triangulation ( cdt ), which can yield a true volume value theoretically. through a number of practical tests covering varied intervals between adjacent cross sections, it is proven to possess a higher accuracy compared with that of traditional methods. all the work involved in this paper indicates that the 3 - dimensional calculation of roadway earthwork volume is feasible, more accurate and should have further application in practice
針對目前廣泛使用的道路土方量計算方法平均斷面法和稜柱體法計算不準確的缺點，提出了三維土方量計算演算法的概念.該演算法以帶約束的狄羅尼三角化（ cdt ）為技術核心，認為所有道路幾何設計過程都是地面模型和道路（設計）模型進行幾何運算的結果.基於此，本文設計出相應的演算法步驟，同時完成了相應的軟體開發，使得該三維演算法能和傳統的方法進行對比.此外，結合工程實例，採用了不同的道路橫斷面間距對三維計算方法和傳統方法的誤差進行比較、分析.結果證明三維演算法具有更好的精度，該演算法可用於道路、場地平整等工程土方量計算Self - concept and peer sociometric status of senior middle school students are analyzed in this paper, by taking academic achievement as an important variable into consideration
本研究也不例外，將學業成績作為一個重要的變量和自我概念一起對高中生的同伴社交地位予以考察。Based on the definition and research category of agricultural information, this paper analyzes and designs the structure, function and the developmental method of agricultural expert system, summarizes the previous successful experiences and its disadvantages both abroad and home. on the ground of investigating and analyzing the practicing process of national intelligent agricultural demonstrating project " 863 - 11 ", the essay also raises the several different demonstrating and application modes under the different agricultural productive and technical conditions, such modes as " state farm + family farm ", " agriculture related enterprise + government + fanner ", " national technique spreading system + government + farmer ", analyses the applying conditions of every mode. finally, the essay also discusses the deficiency existed in practical demonstrating experience and its countermeasures, and provides theoretic and practical guide for further development.
本文首先根據農業信息化的含義和研究范疇，分析構建了智能化農業專家系統的結構、功能、開發方法，總結了國內外智能化農業專家系統理論研究和實踐應用中的經驗教訓，並以國家智能化農業示範工程「 863 - 11 」為背景，通過對示範區開發和應用過程的調查和分析，總結概括智能化農業示範工程的經驗和教訓，提出了在不同的農業生產環境和條件下，智能化農業的研究和應用推廣模式和方式，例如「國營農場+家庭農場」 、 「龍頭涉農企業+政府+農戶」 、 「政府+農業技術推廣站+農戶」等模式，分析了每種模式的適用范圍、推廣特色和優勢，並對示範應用中出現的問題及解決方法進行了探討，對我國農業專家系統研究和應用具有一定的理論和現實意義。In order to adapt to fierce competition situation, constructing the core competence has already become a task of top priority and a most important thing. the paper discussed enterprise development from the point of enterprise ecological competition by analyzing both successful and failing cases of domestic and international enterprises. the paper put forward the following viewpoints which were also the innovations of the paper
本文通過分析國內外企業成功與失敗的案例，從企業競爭生態的角度探討企業發展問題，提出以下觀點，這也是本文的創新之處： 1企業發展與企業增長是不同的概念，企業發展不是表面上的由小到大，而是真正的由弱變強，由強變更強。Present methods generally based on the statistics of earthquake damage, expert experiences, theory analysis and experimental researches have obvious advantages, disadvantages and certain scopes of application ; ( 2 ) different prediction methods should be adopted against different building conditions, sites, intensity and experiences etc to predict earthquake damage of buildings for prospective accuracy, dependability and availability ; ( 3 ) earthquake damage matrix, which is the foundation of earthquake damage prediction, of 7 kinds of building in the urban areas of zhangzhou city under intensity 6 to 9 has been set up. the damage conditions of different buildings under different intensity are as followings : all kinds of structures are basically intact under intensity 6 ; the reinforced concrete structures are basically intact under intensity 7, but other kinds of structures are destroyed slightly ; the reinforced concrete structures are still basically intact while other kinds of structures are destroyed intermediately under intensity 8 ; the reinforced concrete structures are destroyed slightly, single - story factories and open houses are destroyed intermediately and other kinds of structures are destroyed seriously under intensity 9 ; ( 4 ) the results of earthquake damage predicting of buildings embody the damage when earthquake happens in the future. thus, further identifications and reinforcements should be considered to buildings that will be destroyed intermediately or more under the earthquake with 10 % exceeding probability in future 50 years ; ( 5 ) the direct economic losses caused by damage of buildings resting with the area, structural type, intensity and damage of all kinds of buildings are the main part of the losses of the city in an earthquake ; ( 6 ) the direct economic losses increased progressively toward high intensity by 2 or 3 times
基於上述研究，得出的主要結論有：建築物震害預測是一個模糊的、系統的、復雜的問題，現有的方法很多一般都是以震害統計規律、專家經驗、理論分析和試驗研究為依據，有其自身的優缺點和一定的適用范圍；應針對不同的建築物條件、場地條件、地震強度和已有經驗等，採用不同的預測方法進行建築物震害預測，以使預測結果達到預期的精確性、可靠性和可操作性；建立了漳州市區7類建築物在6度9度地震作用下的震害矩陣，成為指導抗震防災的重要依據，各類結構的震害情況表現為： 6度地震作用下各類建築物基本完好； 7度地震作用下除鋼筋混凝土結構基本完好外其餘以建築輕微破壞為主； 8度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構仍以基本完好為主而其餘建築以中等破壞為主； 9度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構以輕微破壞為主，單層工業廠房和空曠房屋以中等破壞為主，其餘建築以嚴重破壞為主；建築物的震害預測結果體現了未來地震來臨時的震害程度，在編制漳州市區抗震防災規劃時，對于遭遇50年超越概率10的地震影響發生中等以上破壞的建築物應考慮進行抗震鑒定和加固；由建築物的破壞所造成的直接經濟損失是城市地震經濟損失的主要部分，重慶大學碩士學位論文中文摘要其主要與建築物總面積、結構類型、地震烈度和各類建築物的震害程度有關;不同烈度造成的直接經濟損失按2一3倍向高烈度方向遞增，漳州市區直接經濟損失由6度至9度的比例關系為1 : 2 . 8 : 8 . 6 : 22 . 8 ;遭遇基本地震設防烈度（ 7度）時，漳州市區直接經濟損失約4 . 5億元，無家可歸人員約40000人，且以磚木結構和多層磚混結構的震害損失最大;地震造成的人員傷亡主要與建築物倒塌及嚴重破壞的程度和總面積以及震時的建築物室內人數密切相關，地震時無家可歸人員主要與住宅倒塌、嚴重破壞及中等破壞的程度和總面積以及城市人均居住面積密切相關。The difference between share right and share is that the former is a material right, while the later is a subject matter. the share right is transferable which is determined by its character about personal right, which is important to shareholders. the share right transfer is a conduct that a shareholder assigns his share right to somebody else on basis of law or article of association, and it is a significant way to implement the benefit of shareholders
因此，本文試從股權轉讓的概念、性質、特徵入手，分析歸納股權轉讓的理論基礎與基本原則，並通過對境外相關股權轉讓的觀點及立法例進行比較分析，結合我國當前有限責任公司股權轉讓制度的具體規定，得出現有立法在規范不同意轉讓之股東購買義務、優先購買權行使主體、異議股東退股權以及基於夫妻財產分割而發生的股權轉讓等方面存在著不足，並對此提出相關改進或完善建議。Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映3 the problems of international regulation lie in that some important conception cut both ways and some regulation have no reason. the author reckon that those conception should be defmituded, besides, prolong the time limit of " 90 days ". 4 some important conception about our country ' legistion such as " domestic industries " " betimes " should be defmituded and bring forword the plan of adjusting domestic industries
針對此，提出了個人見解，要對一些重要概念進行界定，以及延長「 90天」的期限來提高報復補償機制的現實有效性，最後是在補償機制上應適用「最惠國」原則的例外;最後，我國保障措施立法總體而言是與國際相接軌的，但是仍存在著不足，需要在具體一些概念如「國內產業」 、 「及時性」的明確界定，以及對產業調整計劃、農產品分別規定的內容加以充實。Engineering drawing has always been labeled as a practical subject. a combination of geometrical, building. mechanical and electrical drawing, it relates between theory and the picture of reality. engineering drawing will provide an accurate and complete ptcture for every object tn terms of shapes and sizes. usually, it is taught using the face - to - face teaching mode even in an odl environment. due to its nature, some students may find difficulty in imagining and interpreting the drawings. however, the availability of sophisticated technology provides the opportunity for the learning of engineering drawing to be enhanced via online. a web - based system for teaching and learning engineering drawing was developed based on a constructivism model. the web - based system is tailored for several topics of engineering drawing such as orthographic projection, sectional view, isometric and oblique drawing at the secondary level. the learning strategy consists of multiple phases beginning with introduction, concept learning, engineering drawing method, application and exercises. during introduction, students will be exposed to an overview of the topic followed by learning of specific concepts. the system provides a learning environment that allows engineering students to view objects from different angles, such as third angle projection and first angle projection as well as views of plans, side and front elevations. after learning about the concepts, students wilt be guided through the various steps in drawing methods for each topic via animations and simulations. learners are able to view any section repeatedly. examples of real application of engineering drawings were also given using graphic, animations and video. to evaluate students understanding, exercises were given at the end of each session
工程制圖一直被認為是一門實踐性學科，其整合了幾何學、建築、力學、電子制圖等，從而將理論與現實圖像聯系起來，工程制圖能為每個不同形狀、尺寸的物體提供精確的、完整的圖像.通常，即使在開放與遠程教育環境中，工程制圖的教學也是通過面對面的教學模式來進行的.由於其特殊性，一些學習者可能難以想象並解釋這些圖像.然而，尖端的技術使得可以通過在線的方式加強工程制圖的學習.研究者基於建構主義模式開發了一個面向工程制圖教學和學習的網路系統.該系統適用於幾種工程制圖，例如展開圖、刻面圖、等角圖和斜角圖.學習過程包括導論、概念學習、工程制圖方法，以及應用與練習等階段.在導論階段，系統為學習者提供了專題簡介，然後是概念學習階段.系統所提供的學習環境允許工程專業的學生從三維透視、一維透視、平面圖、側立面、正立面等不同角度來觀察物體.經過概念學習階段后，系統將引導學生通過動畫和模擬學習每個專題中制圖方法的不同步驟，學習者也能重復觀察任何剖面.另外，還通過圖像、動畫和視頻等方式展示真實的工程制圖應用案例.最後，為了評價學生的理解能力，在每部分內容後面都附有相關的練習In order to make the museum buildings are more harmonious with the surrounding ecological environment and the urban planning, and to create ecotype museums with regional culture, the museum designing principles and the relative technological measures, which are suited to our present sustained development policy, are probed in this article, by researching the ecological characteristic of the earth - sheltered museum building. firstly, this article posed the concept of earth - sheltered museum, the previous researching situation and the researching meanings. secondly, it analyzed the inward - outward environmental factors of the museum building, and compared the differences between the earth - sheltered museums and the traditional ones
論文首先提出覆土型博物館的概念及其既往研究狀況，研究的意義;其次分析了博物館建築的內外部環境因素，對比了覆土型博物館與傳統博物館的不同;然後對覆土型博物館的形態特徵進行了相關研究;同時從生態建築學及生態博物館理論和實踐的歷史發展脈絡入手，提出了覆土型博物館建築設計中應注意的原則，回溯了覆土型博物館對傳統生態思想的借鑒，並討論了當今實踐過程中的相關發展趨勢;最後通過對湖南省龍山縣里耶秦簡博物館設計的實例分析，探討了生態設計原則覆土型博物館設計中的相關運用，為現代博物館設計提供一條新的思路。The concept of special preferential to developing countries emerged as soon as multilateral trade system came into being. however, it was not until the uraguay round that the concept was take into full consider - ation. the importance and necessity of special preferential to developing country was not only emphasized in the preface of a series of individual documents of uruguay round, but stipulated in special provisions of the main body without exception
多邊貿易體制一產生就存在著發展中國家的特別優惠待遇的概念，但直到烏拉圭回合談判它才得到較為全面的考慮，烏拉圭回合的一系列單獨文件不僅在各自序言部分強調對發展中國家成員方予以特別優惠待遇的重要性和必要性，而且無一例外地在正文中用專門條文對其加以規定。The main content and opinion of each chapter are discussed as follow : chapter 1 general analysis of civil securing judgment procedure this chapter probes on the name, definition, character of civil securing judgment procedure and the difference between civil securing judgment procedure and other legal systemo firstly, we should choose the meaning of civil securing judgment procedure from its upper level definition, and adopt the model of the continent country legal system s legislation, that is, put the system of perpetuation of evidence out of the system of civil securing judgment procedure0 secondly, through the discussion of the procedure essence of civil securing judgment procedure, the time limitation of civil securing judgment procedure and the direct aim of civil securing judgment procedure, this article confined the meaning of civil securing judgment procedure
首先，對世界各主要國家關於民事保全程序的相關名稱作了梳理，探討了確立總概念的必要性，認為我國應當選擇民事保全的總概念並採用大陸法系民事保全程序的立法例，把證據保全排除在民事保全之外。其次，遵循民事保全的本義探究了民事保全的內涵。通過對民事保全的程序本質、採取民事保全措施的時間下限、民事保全的直接目的的論述，明確了民事保全的概念，即民事保全是指法院為了確保將來的執行文書的強制執行，或者為了避免不可挽回的損失，在執行文書生效之前，採取一定的強制性措施限制義務人處分其財產或者責令其作為或不作為的程序。Based on all kinds of professional components of gis can be seen in the market, which are mapobjects and arcobjects of esri, mapx of mapinfo, geomedia of intergraph, mapgis of wuhan, supermap of peking, etc. the functions and background of the electronic map system, arcgis, which is an object - oriented program language, is integrated the latest computer technologies and gis technologies. ao is object oriented language, supported by the functions of arranging, analysis, display of spatial data and enhances the application efficiency, most users, which are not familiars with the knowledge of complicated concept and operation of gis, can use it freely. so the author selects vb and ao to develop application system of gis
分析市場上可以看到各種各樣的gis專業組件，例如esri的mapobjects和arcobjects 、 mapinfo的mapx 、 intergraph的geomedia 、武漢的mapgis 、北京的supermap等，從人口電子地圖系統的產生背景和功能要求出發，根據arcgis將目前前沿的一些計算機技術、 gis技術很好地融合起來，並且由於ao是使用面向對象技術的開發語言，且又提供完備的空間數據的分析、處理、顯示等功能，可以有效地提高應用系統的開發效率，且具有良好的外觀和完善的功能，使用戶不再需要復雜的gis概念和操作就可使用，所以，本系統的研製選擇了vb和ao相結合的開發方式。The third chapter including four part expounding the relation between delivery cargo without presentation b / l dissension and trade contract. lt is a legal duty of carrier to delivery cargo against presentation b / l. the first part analyses the cause of delivery cargo without presentation b / l and delivery cargo without presentation b / l dissension ; the second part discusses how risk carrier will be suffered at delivery goods without presentation b / l ; the third part simply review the attitude of our national justice practice to delivery goods without presentation b / l dissension ; the fourthly part generalize several kinds of the carrier not take responsibility on basis of learning theory and national inside and outside prejudication, incorporation trade factor
憑正本提單交貨是承運人的一項法另義務，第一部分分析了無單放貨的原因及無單放貨糾紛產生的原因；第二部分論述了承運人在無單放貨中所承擔的風險；第三部分簡單回顧我國司法實踐對無單放貨糾紛案件中承運人責任所持態度的演變；第四部分從學術理論到國內外判例，結合貿易因素，概括了承運人不承擔無單放貨責任的幾種情形。Secondly, by combining with the whole process of m & a analysis the thesis comprehensively introduces the main contents and methods of business m & a " s value appraisal and detailedly introduces principles of discounted cash flow method, comparable company analysis method, comparable transaction analysis method, as well as the way how to determine the main parameters of them by giving corresponding examples. after that, it analyses the suitable range for use of different appraisal methods and the present situation of our country ' s business value appraisal, point out the problems and puts forward the solutions of them. thirdly, the thesis separately expounds how to choose financing policies and financing channels, how to analyse financing costs, how to determine the unit of financing ways
本文通過融會國內外企業並購相關理論，辨析了企業並購的概念和動機，介紹了企業並購的一般模式及並購方式的選擇；其次結合併購分析的大致過程全面介紹了企業並購的價值評估的主要內容及方法，對其中的現金流量折現法、可比公司分析法、可比交易分析法的原理及主要參數的確定予以了詳細的介紹，並分別附以相應的實例分析，同時還分析了不同評估方法的適用范圍和我國的企業並購價值評估現狀，指出了其中存在的問題，並提出了解決建議；此外，對企業並購的融資政策、融資渠道的選擇、融資成本分析和融資方式的確定單位? ?予以論述；最後，本文分析了企業並購的財務陷阱的成因及其可能造成的損失，並結合實際提出了避免財務陷阱的措施。We present an extensive experimental evaluation of refined concept index on two english collections and one chinese corpus using state - of - the - art support vector machine classifier
因此，在大規模文本分類應用中，特徵選擇演算法往往更受歡迎。不過，概念索引卻是一個例外。( 2 ) because of t he variability of rock subjected to outside action, three new conceptions : postive damage basic damage and negative damage, are suggested, which can deal with the condition that rock density became large. ( 3 ) the present damage variables based on ct number mostly include ct average number of the rock without damage, which is difficult to measure, so a new damage variable, which includes the average ct number is proposed, on the other hand, strain equal theory is generalized because the one put foreword by lemaitre is not good enough to use. ( 4 ) a axial damage constitutive equation is proposed and testified. ( 5 ) with the circle times, the damage propagation laws of two different rocks, subjected to circle of freezing and thawing, are studied, and in the analysis process, traditional analysis method including average ct number and is used, some important conclusions are reached : inner damage of soft rock containing a large mount of apertures is largely propagating with the time increasement of circle, however, at the preliminary time, the hard rock containing a small mount of aperture is a little propagating, at late time, the influence become large ; ( 6 ) zone separation and statistics frequency put forward is used to analysized the three different damage propagation in the open circumstance, when they are subjected to the different circle times of freezing and thawing, in which the temperature variability is linear, different freezing rate, and different freezing temperature, and no water is supplied during the test
在研究過程中本文主要做了以下工作： （ 1 ）針對巖石損傷變化較小時，運用ct均值和方差分析不方便的缺陷，本文提出運用對ct數范圍劃分區段的方法，根據各區段統計頻率的變化規律來分析損傷擴展狀況； （ 2 ）針對巖石受到外部作用的多變性，本文提出了基準損傷，正損傷，負損傷的概念，在某種程度上考慮了巖石受到外部作用時的壓密情況； （ 3 ）現有的基於ct數的損傷變量大多需要用到巖石基體的ct均值，這實際上是很難觀測到的，因此本文建議了一個可運用巖石初始狀態ct均值的損傷變量，由於現有的勒邁特教授應變等價原理使用上的不便，本文在其基礎上進行了推廣； （ 4 ）建議了一個可用巖石初始狀態ct數和彈性模量的單軸損傷本構方程，並用算例進行了驗證； （ 5 ）對兩種不同巖石在開放環境下受到凍融循環作用且融化過程中補水時，內部損傷隨凍融循環次數增加的擴展規律進行了探討，主要運用了常規的ct均值和ct方差的分析方法進行分析，試驗發現：對于孔隙率和含水率較高，密度和強度較低的軟弱巖石，凍融循環次數對損傷結構的擴展有明顯的影響，而對于孔隙率和含水率較低，密度和強度較高的硬巖，凍融循環次數對其損傷結構擴展初期由於含水率低的原因，影響不是太大，而後期由於水補給后，含水率較高的原因，凍融影響逐漸增大； （ 6 ）運用了本文提出的區段劃分和統計頻率的方法，深入地分析了開放環境下的線性溫度變化的凍融循環次數，凍結溫度，凍結速度不同巖石作用時，其內部損傷隨凍融循環次數，凍結速度和凍結溫度變化的擴展規律，需要指出的是除了在試驗前飽水外，凍融過程中沒有補水。Shifting the burden of proof of is the special provision and exception of the principle of burden of proof, during drafting " civil evidence code ", divergences about how to regulate the burden of proof appear, jurists have diffirent opinions on it, this paper set out from those divergences and disputes, discussing in detail with six sections : the disputes on the shifting the burden of proof, reasonable define the conception about shifting the burden of proof, the relation of shifting the burden of proof and deduction, shifting the burden of proof in present law and regulations, the function of shifting the burden of proof and the civil cases suitable for this regulation, legislative proposition. this artical elabrates the theoretical and realistic foundation of shifting the burden of proof. moreover, shifting the burden of proof is a phenomenon of proceeding and other regulations of solution to disputation, it is not confined to those laws and regulations of procedure, but also exist in substantial law
舉證責任倒置是舉證責任分配規則中的特殊與例外，在民事證據法的草擬過程中對舉證責任倒置的存廢與否產生了分歧，法學界對此的觀點也呈現出百花齊放的態勢，本文從舉證責任倒置爭議與分歧的觀點出發，基於舉證責任倒置存在與否的爭議、舉證責任倒置概念的合理界定、舉證責任倒置與推定的關系、舉證責任倒置在我國現行法律中的體現、舉證責任倒置的功能及可適用民事案件的具體類型、舉證責任倒置立法完善的構想共六個部分具體闡述，從理論角度、司法實踐及立法構想三個不同的視角分析舉證責任倒置在我國的存在的理論意義、現實意義與立法前景，表明舉證責任倒置不僅在我國具有立法基礎而且有實踐環境，闡述舉證責任倒置雖然是出現于訴訟或是解決爭議的其他程序中的一個現象，但它又不局限於訴訟及其他解決爭議的程序規范，從現有的法律規范及法律實踐來看，舉證責任倒置與實體法是「同呼吸，共命運」的，用句老話說就是「皮之不存，毛將焉附? 」分享友人