累進成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [lěijìnchéngběn]
累進成本 英文
progressive cost
  • 累 : 累Ⅰ形容詞（疲勞） tired; fatigued; weary Ⅱ動詞1. （使疲勞; 使勞累） tire out; wear out 2. （操勞） work hard; toil
  • 進 : 進構詞成分。
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 累進 : progression累進獎金報酬 accelerating premium pay; 累進率 graduated rates; 累進稅 progressive tax;...
  1. As an advanced materials preparation technology, spray - deposition has shown remarkable superiority in producing large - sized alloys and metal matrix composites. however, the spray deposeted preforms usually contain a certain quantity of porosity. besides, the oxide films on the surface of the particles lead to week metallurgic conjunction between the particles. in order to obtain an ideal structure and performance, the porous preforms need further densifying and plastical forming. in this paper, a new technology named wedge pressing was used to densify spray - deposeted 5a06 aluminium alloy, in which the large deformation can be obtained through the sum - up of local deformation and multi - step small deformation. this method can also solved the problems in traditional processing and greatly decreased the producing cost. what ’ s more, the reserch on the wedge pressing desification rules about the large - sized spray deposeted preforms was significant it was vital not only to the further densification of the prefoums but also to the further research on plastical deforming the research was also benefit to the industrialization an the application of the spray deposeted porous materials

    坩堝移動式噴射沉積技術作為一種先進的材料制備新技術，在制備大尺寸合金及金屬基復合材料方面具有顯著的優越性。然而噴射沉積坯件特別是大型坯件通常存在一定量的孔隙，顆粒表面存在一定量的氧化膜，顆粒之間未能完全達到良好的冶金結合狀態，因此需要進行后續緻密化和塑性變形才能獲得理想的組織和性能。本文採用一種新型的楔形壓制工藝，即通過局部變形、多道次小變形累積實現大變形的緻密化加工方法，對噴射沉積多孔坯料進行后續緻密化和塑性變形，很好地解決了傳統加工工藝的難題，大大降低了生產成本。
  2. The second is that monopoly produces some positive effects : as static efficiency to say, there are four mechanisms, namely economies of scale, economies of scope, internalization of externalities and learning effect, which optimize the allocation of resources. monopoly advantages decrease of transaction cost. some extent monopoly has benefits to technology innovation and human capital accumulation

    其次，壟斷具有正的效應：從靜態效率來看，壟斷存在四種優化資源配置的機制（規模經濟機制、范圍經濟機制、外部性內化機制和學習效應機制） ；壟斷有利於機會成本的降低，從而可以提高社會經濟活動的效率；從動態效率來看，一定程度的壟斷有利於技術進步和人力資本的積累，因而是動態有效的。
  3. * * * * when you accrue a cost, you incur the entire cost all at once

    累算成本時，將一次性累計全部成本；按比例計算成本時，將在任務進行過程中逐步地累計成本。
  4. Lastly, by philosophical analyzing the article draws conclusion : going on with efficient institutional change asks for dynamical grasping of path characteristic. so at present in order to advance the change the cumulative cost of institutional gradual change must be apportioned reasonably ; adjusting the change strategy wholly makes unitary institutional innovation accompanying configurable innovation ; switching institutional change mode neatly makes sure that the following change is efficient ; government ' s playing the leader role of institutional change makes adverse path dependency be got over and thoroughly resolves the shortage problem of effective institution

    最後，運用通觀全局、抓主要矛盾與矛盾的主要方面的哲學方法進行總結性分析，得出「繼續實現富有成效的制度變遷需動態把握路徑特徵」的結論，那麼，現階段應該對漸進式制度變遷的累積成本進行合理分攤，確保進一步變遷順利推進；從總體上調整制度變遷策略，形成由單項制度創新所引領的制度結構創新安排；針對變遷過程適時靈活轉換變遷方式，使變遷方式交叉復合、優勢互補，確保進一步制度變遷的效率；強化政府的變遷主體地位，以克服不利的路徑依賴，從根本上解決阻礙進一步變遷的有效制度缺失問題。
  5. Suggestion offered to the price regulation for guanzhong area includes : clearification of water right, and set - up of water markert ; speeding up the reform of water system, forming a united management of water resource ; regulating the prices to the level beyond its cost in different departments ; regulating the structure of water to reflect the water value ; increasing the water saving consciousness by restricting the quantity of water use

    提出關中地區調節水價的措施和建議。包括：明晰水權，建立水市場；加快水利體制改革，實現水資源統一管理；不同用水部門水價調整到供水成本加略有盈餘水平；調整水價結構，使水價能反映水資源價值；通過實施用水定額（超定額累進徵收高價）和宣傳教育，提高節水意識。
  6. In the past 20 years, baosteel group actively learn from foreign competitors, introduce advanced technology and management from nsc, so as to accumulate abundance experiences in produce 、 management and sale fields. as a no. 1 steel - making corporation in china, baosteel has been a member of top 500

    經過二十多年的發展，寶鋼積極吸取國外同行的先進經驗，引進日本新日鐵的管理模式，積累了一定的生產、管理、營銷等方面的經驗，成功跨入世界500強之列，成為國內首屈一指的鋼鐵聯合企業。
  7. The bankruptcy of a corporation is the end of the corporative personality, while the method called disregarding of the corporation personality is no mean by taking no cognizance of the independence of the shareholder, and the corporation under a certain case to uncover the corporation veil temporarily, and to let the shareholders behind the curtain come to the stage to bear the burden of discharging the related obligation directly, when the case is finished, after a reconstructing, the corporation personality is saved

    這一做法不必導致公司破產，公司的破產是公司法人人格的終止，公司法人人格否認只是於一時一事無視公司與股東的獨立人格，揭開公司面紗，讓公司背後的股東站到前臺，直接承擔連帶清償責任，案件審理完畢，經過整頓，公司人格尚存。不僅保障了交易，而且大大降低了社會成本，是一種用權力救濟權力，是對失衡的公平正義的糾正，也是符合「帕累托改進」的制度安排。
  8. We have full authority for export, advanced technology and craft, equipment. product principal export to foreign countries, which are mainly used for export to europe, america, japan, southeast asia, middle east and africa, etc. we have got plenty of experiences during several years manufacturing and managing. with high quality products and service, we are accepted and relied by the customers home and abroad

    在多年的生產和經營中，我們不斷積累經驗和吸取教訓，吸收國內外現代化先進的企業管理和產品質量管理經驗，形成本公司專業生產法蘭和鍛件的經營管理模式。產品質量精益求精，深受國內外客戶的信賴和贊譽。
  9. Consequently, in order to promote the application of water - saving irrigation technology. it is essential that ( 1 ) to strengthen farmers " participation in irrigation technology construction and management ; ( 2 ) to introduce credit means and scientific research of high technology and low cost ; ( 3 ) to carry out policy of adjustment of agricultural water price and product structure accordingly ; ( 4 ) to form system of water - saving irrigation technology according to water resource reserves and farmers " economical endurance in different areas

    為此，提出以下促進中國農業節水灌溉技術應用的政策建議： （ 1 ）加強灌溉工程建設和管理中的農戶參與。 （ 2 ）運用信貸手段和加強高科技含量、低成本的節水技術的科研投入等政府政府支持政策來激勵農產的技術需求。 （ 3 ）實行灌溉水價的結構性調整和農業生產結構調整相結合的策略，以便增強農戶技術改造的積累能力； （ 4 ）依據農業資源的地區性差異和農戶的經濟承受能力，分區域構建節水灌溉技術體系。
  10. Meanwhile, many countries see attracting foreign direct investment ( fdi ) as an important element in their strategy for economic development because fdi is widely regarded as an amalgamation of capital, technology, market, and management. since these flows of fdi are playing and will likely continue to play a key role in the integration of china into the world economy, this dissertation focuses on the factors affecting the level of fdi across provinces in china from 1994 to 2003 and the study differentiate from other similar studies on china ' s fdi by looking at possible changes in importance of determining factors through time

    通過對外國直接投資理論的演變和新發展的回顧，總結出對我國外國直接投資的可能因素，如市場需求和市場大小、聚集程度、勞動成本、勞動力質量、科研水平、開放度等六大因素及其可行變量，如gdp 、人均gdp 、零售額、人均零售額、人口數、每平方公里公路長度、每平方公里鐵路長度、國內投資、每個工人的國內投資、累積的國內投資、累積的fdi 、 cfdi / cinv 、工程師、科學家和技工占職工數的百分比、平均工資、專利數量、大學數量、進口額/ gdp 。
  11. Enterprises need outsourcing capital of low - risk and low - cost to extend, the security issue and the market in which the security is sold to the investors are necessary to the enterprise ' s accumulating and distributing capital. the security market lets the enterprises get rid of excessive dependence on the bank, and realize the diversity choices of financing. the market chooses out the enterprises in the industries which have latent capacity and outstanding achievement, gives the enterprises capital sustenance for deep development by security financing, and finally promotes the industry development by supporting the core - enterprises in the industries

    證券市場的出現，創造了一個金融與微觀主體的投資活動直接相聯系的機制，企業擴張需要低風險和低成本的外源資本，證券發行和把證券出售給投資者的市場對于企業積累和配置資本來說必不可少，證券市場使企業擺脫了對銀行融資的過度依賴實現了融資選擇的多樣化，證券市場把產業中具有發展潛力有成長業績的企業挑選出來，通過證券融資使其獲得進一步發展的資金支持，通過扶持產業內的核心企業促進了產業成長。
  12. Microsoft project helps you determine this by giving you a choice of methods for accruing costs

    選擇成本累算方式后， microsoftproject將幫助進行估算。
  13. The paper also conducted cost and benefit analysis that indicates the protection cost is very much higher in ipr protection in agriculture in china as compared with other countries such as the us and other western countries, this is a very important restricting factor for the patent and pvp application in china. besides, the paper also discussed the possibilities of the unified system like pct and upov for ipr applications to minimize the cost of application and maintainence. with support of survey data and developed models, the papers conclude with the priority area for ipr protection in agriculture in order is as follows : pvp, patent, trade secret, and trade marks

    同時，在大量檢索和設計調查問卷的基礎上，對我國農業知識產權保護的成本和效益進行理論分析，在對比其他國家專利和新品種保護成本的基礎上，分析出我國申請農業知識產權保護的成本和被侵權后的司法訴訟成本過高，影響了我國農業知識產權的申請和保護；此外，文章還就建立類似專利合作條約（ pct ）性質的國際植物新品種保護公約，以期在多國專利同時申請方面實現帕累托最優原則進行了理論探討，在此基礎上，文章進一步對比分析實施農業知識產權保護規則對我國農業技術貿易特別是國外直接投資可能帶來的影響進行，結果表明，強化農業知識產權保護，發展中國家會增加農業技術和產品的進口，發展中的大國更是如此；文章在調查問卷的基礎上提出了我國農業知識產權方面存在的問題和今後農業知識產權保護的目標體系和優先領域，農業知識產權保護的優先順序依次為：新品種、專利、商業秘密、商標和原產地。
  14. Business valuation based on modern economy is one of the most difficult and comprehensive professional work in asset appraisal, but also stands for the trend of the appraisal. as china implemented planned economy all the long in the past years, the concept of business value was proposed later than other advanced countries. the study on the theory and method of business valuation we made is relatively backward. all these lead to that we merely use cost method in practice. with the improvement of market economy, the validity of cost method is challenged. hunting for appraisal methods suitable for china circumstance has become more and more urgent. this thesis presents its own opinion on the adjustment of the basic frame of theory of business valuation. for the first time, it puts systems theory into the study of the theory base, and believes that the enterprise as a compound entity has higher efficiency than the sum of its constituent, and then proposes new appraisal assumption. aiming at the obscure understan ding, it analyses a group of conception related to business valuation. after giving a whole analysis and study, this thesis indicates the income approach which emphasizes earning - capacity of a enterprise should become the correct choice of china, and makes a further study on the origin - features and feasibility of this method

    植根于現代經濟的企業價值評估是資產評估中綜合性最強，技術難度最高的業務之一，也是評估業未來的發展方向，由於我國過去長期實行計劃經濟體制，企業價值概念的提出和運用時間較晚，缺少現代經營理念的積累，企業價值評估的理論與方法的研究比較滯后。本文試圖以理性分析和案例分析相結合的方法，系統研究和分析企業價值評估的基礎理論及其現實條件下，適應我國經濟發展的評估方法，以期為構建有中國特色的企業價值評估理論和方法體系做一些有益的探索。文章以企業價值評估的基本概念為起點，在對眾多關于企業性質的學說和理論觀點進行概括抽象的基礎上，指出了整體性、持續經營和盈利性是企業的重要特徵，依據企業的整體性運用系統方法闡明了企業的價值大於組成企業的單項資產價值之和，據此提出了反映企業價值評估特點的有機組合增殖假設；依據盈利性的特點，強調了企業價值評估的核心應為企業的獲利能力，而不是組建企業的成本；對企業價值、企業價值評估含義、特點的論述以及對相關概念的辨析表明了作者的個人觀點和文章的基本定位，而從評估目的入手劃分的以產權變動為目的的企業價值評估和以財務決策為目的的企業價值評估與企業價值評估的假設、評估核心共同決定了評估方法的選用。
  15. It simulates human ' s behavior in the process of conventional experiential quotation, and quantifies the useful information of a new die part and a series of correlative die samples accumulated in the foregone quotation experience by fuzzy membership, and then compares the similarity between the new part and the samples after computing their fuzzy level of approximation to find three of the most similar samples, based on which the producing cost of the new part is estimated by exponential - smoothing - method

    本文提出的模糊相似比較法和工時法相結合的模具報價方法，就是模擬傳統的經驗報價中人的報價行為過程，利用模糊理論中的模糊隸屬度來量化新工件與原有的在以往生產實際中積累的一系列相關模具樣本的有用信息，計算它們之間的模糊貼近度，進行相似度比較，找出與新工件最相似的三個模具樣本，在此基礎上利用預測技術中的指數平滑法估算出新工件的生產成本。
  16. Generally speaking, this paper studies the theoretical framework of accumulative cost effect of china ’ s capital market with modern statistical and econometric methods in terms of rational expectation theory and any other related theories. upon this framework, this paper makes use of real data of china ’ s securities market to analyze the problems of financial risk ; bubble economy and stock market cycles that are caused by accumulative cost effect

    具體說就是，利用現代統計方法、理性預期理論、計量經濟方法以及相關的理論與方法對我國資本市場中的累積成本效應進行充分的理論探討，在此基礎上利用我國證券市場的實際數據，重點對由累積成本效應所引致的金融風險、泡沫經濟、股市周期等問題進行實證分析。
  17. In this paper, the pce principle, method and technical achievement of traffic engineering in domestic and overseas from 1940 to 1993 are analyzed, compared and evaluated. moreover, the use condition and limitation of the studying achievement are elaborated. based on it, in view of the complexity of the vehicle kinds and mixed traffic in domestic highway traffic, the physics method on influence space of vehicle is put forward according to the achievement of studying the road capacity and the mass traffic observation data of 177 section of highway

    本文首先對1940到1993年以來，國內外在交通工程研究中涉及到的車輛當量換算系數計算的原理、方法和技術成果進行了分析、比較和評價，闡述了這些研究結果的使用條件和局限性。在此基礎上，鑒於我國公路交通中車種多，車型復雜以及混合交通等的特點，通過對我們以前研究通行能力積累的成果和實地177個不同路段所採集到的大量交通觀測數據的分析和研究，利用數理統計和隨機場理論，提出了一種汽車道路作用空間的物理分析方法來研究車輛當量換算問題。
  18. Finally, it introduces the specialization theory of new classical economics, address the most important function of market is to determine specialization network, and the institutional arrangement which reduced transaction cost can promote the transaction efficiency. chapter 3 provides a frame of our research. it interprets some measurement index of interregional specialization

    第二，實證研究需求、收益遞增和交易成本的相互作用如何推動中國地區分工和市場擴展，並考察歷史累積過程的影響;進一步從制度和經濟結構因素中，探討中國地區間分工與市場演變的特殊路徑。
  19. For guaranteeing the national financial safety and protecting from eruption of financial crisis, and in accordance with the characteristic of china ’ s stock market, this paper tries to analyze the unilateral market ’ s operating regulation and the possible economic consequences. in addition, this paper explores the accumulative cost effect of china ’ s capital market with method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, especially, quantitative analysis

    為了保障國家金融安全，防止金融危機的爆發，針對我國股票市場的特點，本文試圖從理論上去分析我國單邊市場的運行規律和可能的經濟後果，並採用定性分析與定量分析相結合的方法，對我國資本市場中的累積成本效應進行研究，其中尤其突出定量分析。
  20. Part three : it analyses the relationship among accumulative cost effect, financial risk and bubble economy. long position mechanism of our country causes accumulative cost effect. when accumulating to a certain extent, it will result in

    由於我國單邊做多機制產生累積成本效應，而當累積成本效應達到一定程度時，就會引發金融危機，這種由累積成本效應所導致的風險有其自身的特徵，而且如果控制不好，會使風險進一步擴散，形成泡沫經濟。
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