They are jinfo mountain in nanchuan county ( natural protection section ), wuling mountain in qianjiang county ( national emphases forest demonstration county which forest cover rate is beyond 50 % ) and zhongliang mountain in beibei county ( artificial destruction is very grave ). some main land use patterns i. e. woodland, garden, infield, abandon infield, shrub and grassplot are selected in those three sample sites. four aspects on soil fertility index of karst environment under different land use patterns in these three sample sites, are revealed in this paper, by using the field test, indoor measure and analysis, outdoor experiment and field investigation, and the knowledge and technique of soil, ecology, physics and chemistry etc. they are physical characteristic ( effective soil thickness, organic layer thickness, soil texture, water - stable aggregate and soil water etc. ), chemical fertility ( organism, omni - n, omni - p, omni - k, alkali - nitrogen, available p, available k and rapid available k etc. ), soil animalcule ( bacteria, fungi, actinomyces and their grosses ) and soil - seed - pool ( plant community diversity index ) in karst ecosystem
本研究以重慶市的南川金佛山（自然保護區） 、黔江武陵山（國家重點退耕還林示範縣，森林覆
蓋率50以上）和北碚中梁山（遭人為破壞嚴重）典型巖溶區為對象，選擇了幾種重要的利用方式，包括林地、果園、耕地、棄耕地和灌草坡，採用野外巖溶生態調查和室內試驗測量分析相結合的方法，以不同
土地利用方式巖溶
土壤肥力為重點，對不同
土地利用方式
土壤肥力特徵進行量化分析，找出巖溶
土壤肥力差異的主要方面及其根本原因，論文主要從
土壤剖面物理退化指標（有效
土層厚度、有
機質層厚度、質地、團聚體、水分含量等） ，化學肥力退化指標（有
機質、全n 、全p 、全k 、堿解n 、速效p和速效k等） ，樣地
土壤微生物指標（細菌、真菌、放線菌數量及總量）以及樣地
土壤種子庫植物群落多樣性等4個方面對重慶典型巖溶區的
土壤肥力特徵進行了較為詳細的分析研究，為巖溶地區士壤資源的合理利用及結構的調控管理提供依據。
The results show that : the main driving forces of arable land change of shouguang county are the per capita income, the ratio of the pasture output value, the ratio of the cropping output values and the ratio of agricultural labor force proportion ; the main driving forces of arable land change of quzhou county are the variation of grain yield per unit area, the ratio of the pasture output value, the ratio of the cropping output values, the ratio of grain field areas and the population density
結果表明：壽光市耕地變化的主導驅動力包括人均收入、牧業總產值比例、種植業總產值比例和農林牧漁業勞動力；曲周縣耕地變化的主導驅動力包括糧食單產、牧業總產值比例、種植業總產值比例、糧田面積佔耕地面積比例和人口密度。在此基礎上，揭示縣域尺度上耕地變化的驅動
機制，並為進一步進行
土地利用覆
蓋變化研究積累方法和經驗。
The no - tillage and culture focus more on creating better conditions for microbe decomposing the crop residue compared with no - tillage. there are four principle in it : 1 ) successive capillary water circulation ; 2 ) successive no - tillage ; 3 ) successive multiple crop rotation ; and 4 ) successive " ridge and furrow culture ". by these devices taken, the soil accumulate more organic matter in shorter period compared with general no - tillage
將秸稈混入
土壤中分解，壟、溝搭配，保持
土壤的浸潤狀態和連續植被，不僅解決了覆
蓋免耕制中有
機質分解、轉化慢的問題，而且使輸入
土壤的有
機質分解、轉化更加迅速，所以在促進
土壤有
機質循環方面自然免耕製表現出明顯的優越性，
土壤有
機質遂表現為快速的增長。
This thesis focused on the warping soil consolidation mechanism under osmotic pressure as to blanket cracks disposal in earth dam
針對
土壩粘
土鋪
蓋裂縫的淤填處理問題，對淤填粘
土在滲壓作用下的固結
機理進行了研究。
Mongolica young stand, secondary natural forest, and the mixed forest of larix olgensis and fraxinus mandshurica rupr. countermeasures for controlling soil degradation were also recommended. the study got following results : ( 1 ) from young stand to mid - age of larix olgensis, with the closure of canopy and the decrease of undergrowth vegetation cover, soil acidity, enzyme activity, total inorganic phosphorus, available k, soil moisture and total porosity decreased significantly ; while soil organic matter content, humus component content, the amount of three main types of microbes, acid phosphatase activity, and bulk density in rhizosphere soil and non - rhizosphere soil increased with the increase of the amount of forest floor litter ; from mid - age stand to near mature stand, with the decrease of stand density and crown cover as well as the restoration of undergrowth vegetation after preliminary thinning, soil organic matter content, fulvic acid, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminium, neutral phosphatase activity, total amount of inorganic phosphorus, the amount of actinomycetes, soil moisture, and total porosity in rhizosphere soil and non - rhizosphere soil apparently increased ; from near matu re stand to mature stand, soil activity acidity, organic matter content, humus component content, available phosphorus, total amount of amino acid, available k, soil enzyme activity, soil moisture, and total porosity in rhizosphere soil and non - rhizosphere soil decreased, but total phosphorus, soil acidity ( in particular, exchangeable aluminium ), and bulk density increased
結果表明： （ 1 ）從落葉松幼齡林到中齡林，隨著林冠的郁閉和林下植被
蓋度的急劇下降，林地
土壤酸度、
土壤酶活性、無
機磷總量、速效鉀、
土壤水分含量、總孔隙度呈明顯下降趨勢，而根際和非根際
土壤有
機質含量、腐殖質各組分含量、三大類微生物數量、酸性磷酸酶活性和
土壤容重隨著凋落物的增加呈明顯上升趨勢；從中齡林到近熟林，由於撫育間伐，林分密度及郁閉度下降，林下植被
蓋度逐步得到恢復，根際與非根際
土壤有
機質含量、富里酸、交換性酸、交換性鋁、中性磷酸酶、無
機磷總量、放線菌數量、
土壤水分含量、總孔隙度呈明顯的上升趨勢；從近熟林到成熟林，隨著林齡的增大，根際與非根際
土壤活性酸、有
機質含量、腐殖質各組分含量、有效磷含量、氨基酸總量、速效鉀、
土壤酶的活性、
土壤水分含量和總孔隙度呈下降趨勢，而根際與非根際
土壤全磷含量、
土壤酸度（特別是交換性鋁）和容重呈增加趨勢。
The practice of eco - agriculture has brought about striking improvements in the agricultural ecological environment - - barren hills greened, forest acreage greatly raised, soil erosion controlled to some extent, organic matter content of the soil increased, and the ability of the agricultural ecological system to ward off natural disasters improved
生態農業建設使農業生態環境得到明顯改善，荒山荒坡得到綠化，森林覆
蓋率大幅度提高，水
土流失有所控制，
土壤有
機質含量提高，農業生態系統抗災能力有所增強。
Based on the above conclusions about anti - erosive vegetation structure, the paper expounds the implication of anti - erosive vegetation by pointing out the fault of its current definitions, and it is considered that anti - erosive vegetation should aim at protecting soil from erosion and fixing active sands in the eroded areas, ground space fully occupied by plants, in general with close structure, especially with outstanding coverage close to ground by organic matter ( litter and / or biomass )
在上述結論的基礎上，本文通過指出現有防蝕植被定義的缺陷，論述了其涵義，認為防蝕植被應當是在侵蝕地區，以防止
土壤侵蝕或以固沙為目的，植物充分佔據地面空間，一般具緊密結構，或者顯著具有有
機體（枯落物以及生物量）貼地面覆
蓋特徵的植被。
4 ) soil nutrient of leguminosae also higher than non - vegetation soil ; while organic matter and available k increased, there was no significant change in total n ( it increased slightly ) ; available p and soil ph decreased
4 ）豆科植物較無植被覆
蓋地，
土壤養分朝著良性循環轉變。
土壤有
機質、速效鉀含量提高，全氮含量稍有增加，速效磷含量降低， ph值有所下降；這些變化主要發生在
土壤表層。
There is no precedent to model land use and land cover change of arid region in china. and zhangye city located in the transition of three physical geographical region of china, is the significant part of north - west arid region, which is the sensitive area and zoological brittle zone. the evolutive process and mechanism of land cover change law is different from east region
國內對乾旱區
土地利用覆
蓋變化模擬的研究尚無先例，且張掖市是我國西北乾旱區的重要組成部分，處在我國三大自然地理區的過渡位置，為環境演化的敏感區和生態脆弱帶，
土地覆
蓋的演化過程和
機制有其不同於東部地區的特殊規律，所以張掖市
土地利用覆
蓋變化模擬的研究對乾旱區現代環境變化的人為影響研究有著極為重要的理論和實際意義。
Hand - back service with normal office datestamp and pictorial datestamp of gillies avenue post office will be provided at tokwawan post office at arcade shop d, gf., hang chien court, wyler garden, 108 mei king street, tokwawan, kowloon on 9 september 2001 to official and private - made souvenir covers bearing the first day of issue indication and a local address
此外，欲在紀念封上
蓋有
機利士路郵政局日戳和圖案郵戳的市民，可於九月九日到
土瓜灣郵政局獲得即時
蓋印服務，地址為
土瓜灣美景街一零八號偉恆昌新村恆景閣地下商鋪Ｄ 。
By the crop residue input, priming effects of soil irjcrobe will take place, and decomposition and bio - fixation give rise to soil organic matter arid m in the up layer of soil. on the other hand, tillage accelerate ; ; the organic matter mineralization and leads to the quantity of organic matter decreasing in. or 10cm. layer which is about 1 / 2 of soil organic matter under no - tillage
覆
蓋免耕使
土壤上層的有
機質和氮素穩定增加，這主要來自被激發的微生物繁殖時對碳和氮的生物固定，而傳統耕作則由於耕翻加速了有
機物的礦化， 0 - 10cm
土層微生物碳含量均一，其數值幾乎為免耕系統的一半。
The result indicated that straw mulching could increase soil porosity by 2. 88 % - 5. 76 %, reduce soil bulk density by 1. 86 % - 3. 73 % and the content of soil water with straw mulching was higher than that with no straw mulching treatment ( ck1 ) at different growth stage, improve water - stable aggregate ; and increase soil organic matter, available n, available p, available k, improve soil perviousness and soil retention of water and fertilizer
研究結果表明，與對照ck1 ，相比，秸稈覆
蓋可使
土壤總孔隙度增加2 . 88 % ~ 5 . 76 % ，
土壤容重降低1 . 86 % ~ 3 . 73 % ，並且各生育期覆
蓋處理的
土城含水量均比對照高，並且秸稈覆
蓋還田對促進
土壤團粒結構形成具有較大作用，改善了
土坡通透性和保水保肥性；同時秸稈覆
蓋還田使
土壤有
機質、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效鉀得到明顯提高，從而培肥地力。
The results showed that the best water management pattern of fuji apple orchard was wheat straw mulching under low annual precipitation and grass planting under high annual precipitation. the comprehensive analysis was carried out on effects of different water management patters on yield of fuji apple, soil water conservation and soil organic matter of fuji apple orchard, growth in various stages and fruit quality of fuji apple under different annual precipitation
結果表明，在乾旱年份，紅富士蘋果園水分管理模式以秸稈覆
蓋方式最佳，在多雨年份，紅富士蘋果園水分管理模式以果園種植白三葉草方式最佳；並綜合分析了不同降水年型不同水分管理模式對紅富士蘋果產量的影響，不同水分管理模式對果園
土壤含水量和
土壤有
機質的影響及不同水分管理模式對紅富士蘋果生長狀況、外觀品質、內在品質的影響。
Apart from geochemists from western countries, which paid a particular attention on amorphous iron - manganese oxides extracted by enzyme or 0. 1 ~ 0. 25m nh2oh ? hc1, our results show that the extraction of metals adsorbed by clay and bound to the carbonate in soil is most useful to identify the concealed mineralizations in the semiarid and loess covered terrains, northern china
但與國外重點關注非晶質鐵錳氧化物如酶、鹽酸羥氨提取結果不同，在我國北方半乾旱黃
土覆
蓋景觀區，粘
土吸附和碳酸鹽結合態金屬元素的提取為最有效的提取步驟。而游離態、有
機結合態的提取效果則受景觀控制變化較大。
The first phase of the vsrs, which comprises a primary register with relatively accommodating entry requirements, is designed to cater for 41 trades covering common structural, civil, finishing as well as electrical and mechanical works
注冊制度的第一期會先設立基本名冊，注冊條件相對較為寬松，並涵
蓋四十一個工種，當中包括常見的結構工程、
土木工程、終飾工程和
機電工程。
As a sub - topic of national natural science foundation named " cracking mechanism and a whole set of control technique of modern concrete structure " ( no : 50278031 ), this paper roundly study crack controlling technique of cast - in - place slab with large - area
本文作為國家自然科學基金「現代混凝
土結構裂縫
機理及成套控制技術」 （編號： 50278031 ）的子題，全面系統地研究了大面積現澆樓
蓋結構裂縫控制技術。
General work conditions and operating features of refuse bulldozers are analyzed, which includes some special requirements on power device, drivie line, travel system, work attachment and external covering as well as their respective design characteristics
摘要分析了環衛型推
土機的基本工況和作業特點，論述了環衛型推
土機的設計要求，其中包括對動力裝置、傳動系統、行走系統、工作裝置和外觀覆
蓋件的特殊要求，以及各自的設計特點。
As in last year, although not incurring government expenditure and hence technically not subject to epp, the housing authority and the five trading fund departments, namely the companies registry, the electrical and mechanical services department other than those divisions which are funded from government expenditure, the land registry, the office of the telecommunications authority and the hong kong post office have also undertaken to reduce their operating expenditure through enhanced productivity
此外，房屋委員會和五個營運基金部門，即公司注冊處、
機電工程署（由政府開支撥款的服務除外） 、
土地注冊處、電訊管理局和郵政署，其運作並不牽涉政府開支，故在技術上不在資源增值計劃的涵
蓋范圍內。雖則如此，一如往年，它們也承諾藉提高生產力節省運作開支。
As in last year, although not incurring government expenditure and hence technically not subject to epp, the housing authority and the five trading fund departments, namely the companies registry, the electrical and mechanical services department ( other than those divisions which are funded from government expenditure ), the land registry, the office of the telecommunications authority and the hong kong post office have also undertaken to reduce their operating expenditure through enhanced productivity
此外，房屋委員會和五個營運基金部門，即公司注冊處、
機電工程署（由政府開支撥款的服務除外） 、
土地注冊處、電訊管理局和郵政署，其運作並不牽涉政府開支，故在技術上不在資源增值計劃的涵
蓋范圍內。雖則如此，一如往年，它們也承諾藉提高生產力節省運作開支。
The results showed that the vegetation types made a remarkable effect on the soil nutrient content
結果表明：不同植被類型覆蓋下，土壤有機質含量為喬木灌木草本農田棄耕地。
