責任的有限性 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [zérèndeyǒuxiànxìng]
責任的有限性 英文
liability limitation of
  • 責 : Ⅰ名詞（責任） duty; responsibility Ⅱ動詞1 （要求做成某事或行事達到一定標準） demand; ask for; req...
  • 任 : 任名詞（姓氏） a surname
  • 的 : 4次方是 The fourth power of 2 is direction
  • 有 : 有副詞[書面語] （表示整數之外再加零數）: 30 有 5 thirty-five; 10 有 5年 fifteen years
  • 限 : Ⅰ名詞（指定的范圍; 限度） limit; bounds Ⅱ動詞（指定范圍, 不許超過） set a limit; limit; restrict
  • 性 : Ⅰ名詞1 （性格） nature; character; disposition 2 （性能; 性質） property; quality 3 （性別） sex ...
  • 責任 : 1. （應做的事） duty; responsibility 2. （應承擔的過失） responsibility for a fault or wrong; blame
  • 有限 : limited; restricted; finite; a little; not much
  1. The limitations of scientific recognition and technical level, and the victim ' s fault and vietim ' s action of duty are the grounds of apposition of responsibility imputation

    科學認識的有限性、技術水平的局限性、受害者的過錯和職務行為是責任追究的抗辯事由。
  2. Owing to the special nature of environmental torts, the existing environmental civil liability system based on the traditional individual responsibility has obvious limitations in coping with the serious consequences of environmental torts, particularly when the inflicter can not be identified or unable to afford his liabilities

    由於環境侵權的特殊性，建立在傳統個別責任基礎上的我國現行環境民事賠償責任制度存在明顯的局限性，無法應對環境侵權造成的嚴重後果，特別在加害人不能確定或者雖能確定而其負擔能力有限時，更是束手無策。
  3. At present, china securities law and china corporate law have prohibitory regulations on manipulation, but in our regulation system of securities market, administrative penalty and criminal punishment occupy a disproportional importance, while civil liability is being ignored seriously

    對于操縱市場，我國證券立法上有明確的禁止性規定，但對于其法律規制還僅限刑事和行政方面，忽略了對操縱行為人民事責任的追究，忽略了對受損害的投資者以私權上的救濟。
  4. Neither the bank, its associates, nor any of their directors, officers or employees, shall be liable to the customer for any expenses, loss or damage suffered by or occasioned to the customer by reason of any action taken or omitted to be taken by any one or all of the bank, its associates, their directors, officers, employees or agents pursuant to these conditions or in connection therewith other than as a result of the fraud, wilful default or negligence of the bank, its associates, their directors, officers, employees or agents ; the bank s failure in good faith to honour any stop - payment instructions given by the customer ; the presentation to the bank of any cheque or other payment order which is post - dated ; the bank failing to honour any draft drawn on it by the customer, but the bank shall immediately return such draft to the customer through the normal channels giving the reason for the dishonour ; any loss, damage, destruction or misdelivery of or to the securities howsoever caused unless the same shall result from the negligence of, or theft by, the bank or its associates or any of their directors, officers or employees, in which event the extent of the liability of the bank shall be limited to the market value of such securities at the date of discovery of the loss and even if the bank has been advised of the possibility of such loss or damage ; unauthorised use or forging of any authorised signature as a result of the negligence, wilful default or fraud of the customer ; subject to condition 5. 5, any act or omission, or insolvency of, any person not associated with the bank including, without limitation, a third party nominee or depositary ; viii the collection or deposit or crediting to the custodian accounts of invalid, fraudulent or forged securities or any entry in the custodian accounts which may be made in connection therewith ; any malfunction of, or error in the transmission of information caused by, any electrical or mechanical machine or system or any interception of communication facilities, abnormal operating conditions, labour difficulties, acts of god, or any similar or dissimilar causes beyond the reasonable control of the bank and notwithstanding paragraph, the error, failure, negligence, act or omission of any other person, system, institution or payment infrastructure

    本行其聯系人士其各董事高級人員或雇員均毋須向客戶因以下理由而使客戶蒙受或產生之任何開支損失或虧損負責： i本行其聯系人士其董事高級人員雇員或代理人根據此等條件採取或遺漏採取有關之行動，但由於本行其聯系人士其董事高級人員雇員或代理人之欺詐行為故意失責或疏忽所造成者除外ii本行本真誠地未能依約替客戶執行止付指示iii向本行提交任何遠期支票或其他付款指示iv本行未能兌現由客戶開出之匯票，但本行將立即透過正常渠道將該匯票退回客戶，並解釋拒付之理由v無論如何導致之任何證券之損失損毀毀壞或錯誤交付除非上述各項乃因本行或其聯系人士或其任何董事高級人員或雇員之疏忽或盜竊所引致，而在該等情況下，本行的責任將只限於在發現損失當日該等證券之市值，以及即使本行已獲知該等賠償之可能性vi因客戶之疏忽故意失責或欺詐行為而導致的任何偽造授權簽名或不獲授權使用該簽名vii在第5 . 5 a條之規限下，與本行無關者之任何行動或遺漏或無償債能力包括但不限於第三者代名人或寄存處viii代收或存入或貸存於保管人賬戶的無效偽造或假冒證券或在保管人賬戶記入可能與此有關之賬項ix任何電子機械或系統失靈或因該等機件或系統產生的資料傳送錯誤或任何通訊設施之終斷不正常操作情況勞工問題天災或非本行所能合理控制之任何類似或非類似原因及x盡管有第ix項，任何其他人系統機構或付款設施的錯誤故障疏忽行動或遺漏。
  5. In this paper, enterprise - operators are viewed as top managers who are entrusted by their enterprise - owners to take the responsibility for the operation of the enterprises ; entrepreneurs are successors of those enterprise - operators who can effectively combine long - run development of their enterprises and the maximum of their individual benefits, by applying their enterprise - operator - type human capital to analyses, judgments and comprehensive decisions in terms of their production and transaction activities, and undertaking the corresponding risks ; warders refer to the degraders of enterprise - operators who perform unsuccessfully or under the average because of their la ck of human capital or efforts. becoming entrepreneurs is the aim that enterprise - operators expect to reach ( but not necessarily the aim they initiatively pursue. ). enterprise - operators themselves do not wish to degenerate into warders

    筆者認為企業經營者可以解釋為受企業所有者委託專門從事企業經營管理活動並對其結果承擔責任的高級管理人員；企業家是以經營企業為職業，通過利用自身經營型人力資本，對企業生產性活動和交易性活動進行分析判斷、綜合決策、組織協調與學習創新活動並承擔風險，最終實現了企業長遠發展和自身最大利益有效結合的人，企業家是經營者中的成功者；而所謂看守人是指經營者中由於自身人力資本所限或努力不足而經營失敗或經營業績低下者，看守人是企業家的對稱，是經營者中的劣化者。
  6. Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law

    第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。
  7. Corporate system is a typical form of the modern enterprise system ; it is the result of modern market economy and the large - scale socialized production. because of the limited risk and the unlimited benefit, it greatly stimulates the investor ’ s enthusiasm and strongly promotes the development of contemporary society. corporate capital is the “ blood ” on which a company should live, the material base for management of a company, and property foundation for a company ’ s responsibility

    公司制度是現代企業制度的典型形態，是現代市場經濟和社會化大生產的產物，它以投資者風險責任的有限性和資產受益的無限性極大地刺激了投資者的積極性，快速地推動當代社會的發展;公司資本是公司賴以生存的「血液」 ，是公司經營的物質基礎和公司對外承擔責任的財產基礎;現有法定、折衷和授權三種資本制，英國、美國等實行授權資本制，德國、日本、韓國等最初實行法定資本制，因實踐中存在的問題越來越多，先後改法定資本制為折衷資本制;近年來，就實施何種公司資本制度最有利於公司的發展成為大家關注的問題，學者們眾說紛紜，並沒有達成一致意見。
  8. We should base ourselves on the realities of china, comprehensively analyse the necessity and limit of government mechanisms in social security. furthermore, the article has put forward the key to establish a new social security system with chinese characteristic is to set me government ' s role and function in the social security

    本文從政府承擔社會保障責任的理論淵源分析入手，立足我國的基本國情，全面分析了社會保障中政府機制的必要性、有限性，提出建設中國特色社會保障制度的關鍵，是界定政府在社會保障中的角色與功能。
  9. It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

    論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。
  10. In order to shake off the trouble, and to change from the past " pure tools " reason, moral education should give people more humanistic concern, which includes life emotion concern, extreme belief concern, social responsibility concern, plight and death meaning concern, leading people to overstep themselves ' limitation and realistic material disturbance, to pursue the everlasting value of life

    要走出這種困境，德育工作必須改變「純工具化」理性，賦予更多的人文關懷，包括對生命情感的關懷、對終極信仰的關懷、對社會責任感的關懷和對苦難與死亡意義的關懷，引導人們超越自身的有限性和現實的物質紛擾，追求生命的永恆價值。
  11. For there are among us composers who renounce any responsibility for what they produce, claiming instead that the very nonrepeatability of their indeterminate works based on chance andor choice lies in the very nature of physical phenomena, and is therefore a higher reality than any which pertains to man s limited possibilities, tied down as they are by cultural associations, memory, history

    因為，我們當中有作曲家，否認對他的作品負責，反而主張，他們不確定性作品的，不能重覆性，是基於機率及或選擇，乃是物質現象的特質，故，較任何依附於人類的有限可能-包裹成文化關連，記憶，歷史-是更實在
  12. Without prejudice to any other provision of these conditions, to the extent permitted by applicable law, the customer shall not assert and waives any claim, including, without limitation, any claim arising against the bank on any theory of liability for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages as opposed to direct or actual damages arising out of or in connection with these conditions, all agreements and transactions to which these conditions apply or are made subject to and the relationship between the bank and the customer at all times and for any damages whatsoever caused by or arising from, directly or indirectly, the error, failure, negligence, act or omission of any other person, system, institution or payment infrastructure

    在不影響此等條件內任何條文的原則下，並於適用法律容許的范圍內，客戶不得提出並且放棄任何申索，包括但不限於就下列事項所引起對銀行的任何申索： i由於此等條件一切適用或受制於此等條件的協議和交易，以及在任何時間銀行與客戶之間的關系所產生或因與此有關連而引起對任何特別間接相應或懲罰性的損害賠償與直接或實際損害賠償成對比的法律責任的任何理論，及ii因任何其他人士系統機構或付款架構的直接或間接錯誤故障失敗疏忽作為或不作為所引起或導致的任何損害的申索。
  13. So it is necessary to make overall and systematic researches into the legal system of director ' s duty of care. this paper intends to study further the way of intensifying the norm of director ’ s duty of care, and at the same time, balancing this intension properly by constituting a set of logical standards and subsidiary systems

    再次，概述了董事違反注意義務所應當承擔責任的性質和構成，重點介紹了美國成文法中限制或免除董事違反注意義務之責任的條款，認為該條款的規定是衡平強化的有效機制。
  14. Independent corporate juridical person personality system in practice, there appear company shareholders abusing independent company personality and shareholder limited responsibility, this article makes an initial analysis to company personality necessity, establishment of denial system of personality of corporate juridical person in order to equilibrate the rights of company and shareholder and risks of shareholder and creditor, there fore to make the legislation of market economy of our country wholesome and perfect

    摘要公司法人人格制度在具體運作中，出現了公司股東濫用公司獨立人格和股東有限責任的現象，本文針對公司人格被濫用的現狀，對公司人格否認制度確立的必要性、公司法人人格否認法理及其適用作了初步分析，以平衡公司與股東的權利和股東與債權人的風險，達到健全和完善我國市場經濟的立法作用。
  15. The thesis constructs the system of civil compensate for environmental damage resulting from gene pollution in some aspects, such as liability principal, constitutive requirements, compensation principle, compensation range, compensation mode and certification of causality. the thesis thinks that some rules from traditional environmental tort should apply to environmental tort resulting from gmos, including no - fault liability, inferred causality and the inversion of the burden of proof. the thesis indicates china should found the funds for prevention of gene risk and create the system of funds for prevention of gene risk in some aspects, such as the mission of funds, resource of funds and operation of funds

    最後，本文認為，與傳統污染相比，基因污染有隱蔽性、增殖性、不可清除性和後果的不確定性等特點;基於風險防範原則和污染者負擔原則，從責任主體、構成要件、賠償原則、賠償范圍、賠償的類型、因果關系的鑒定等方面創造性地構建了gmos導致的環境損害民事賠償制度，主張傳統環境侵權中的無過錯責任原則、因果關系的推定和舉證責任的倒置等也應適用於gmos導致的環境侵權;鑒于傳統民事侵權賠償救濟的種種局限，本文強烈主張構建gmos損害賠償社會化救濟機制，即成立基因風險防範基金，並從基金的用途或任務、基金的來源和基金的具體運作等方面開拓性地建構了基因風險防範基金制度的雛形，設計了基因風險防範基金的兩個配套制度，即基因稅制和gmos強制責任保險制度。
  16. Practice of overseas restorative criminal responsibility and the exploration of the domestic restorative criminal responsibility indicates that, the realization of restorative criminal responsibility in our country should persist the principle of impartiality and legality, and that of fair and feasibility, and that of judicial monitoring, mainly carry on in the adjudication stage and execution stage, and carry on in the detection and prosecution stage limitedly

    國外恢復性刑事責任之實踐與國內恢復性司法的初步探索表明，我國恢復性犯罪責任的實現應堅持公正合法、合理可行及司法監控的原則，主要在審判階段與執行階段進行，有限制地在偵查起訴階段進行。
  17. After 1989, the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan ", the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money ", specifically, those listed companies that could finance from the stock market, began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998, the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets, overcapacity, the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries, led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income, persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks, which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks

    如在改革開放初期，在產品市場需求旺盛和信貸市場預算軟約束的情況下，各類企業的最優決策就是採用高負債、高擴張的「負債的有限責任效應」策略來搶占市場並獲得高回報； 1989年以後，需求增速開始放緩，面臨產品市場產業集中度較低和信貸市場「信貸緊縮-不良貸款」循環陷阱導致的中小企業資金緊張的局面， 「錢袋鼓鼓」的優勢企業（尤其是那些可以通過股票市場融通資金的上市公司）紛紛採用掠奪性定價策略，試圖通過把中小企業擠出市場來擴大市場份額並獲得高收益； 1998年以後，產品市場和信貸市場形成了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」惡性循環的狀況。產品市場上部分行業生產能力嚴重過剩，且由於體制等原因導致虧損企業無法退出，因此這些行業中出現了過度競爭的現象，企業總體收益的不斷下滑、負債率不斷提高以及銀行不良資產率的持續上升，又進一步加強了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」的惡性循環。
  18. Over a long period of time, the public administration, under the influence of the managerialism thought, has regarded efficiency value as the ultimate value and the highest purpose, and ignores the study of the responsibility issue

    按照行政責任問題的性質，制度困境主要可以區分政治性困境、公共性困境、有限性困境和規則至上的困境等四個方面的問題。
  19. Therefore, how to determine a proper trade - off line of materiality threshold to satisfy both the providers and users of accounting information is a critical subject in this research, because any failure will trigger the " expectation gap ", which may lead to a legal liability on providers of accounting information

    然而，這條劃分有限責任的重要性界線應當如何確定，才能同時滿足會計信息供需雙方的需要，是研究重要性判斷時的主要課題。因為劃分不當形成的「期望落差」 ，可能給會計信息提供者帶來法律責任。
  20. This paper categorizes the fragmentary and unsystematic information theoretically, and conforms such issues as the legitimacy of limited liability, value judgment, external risk controversy and analysis each of them individually with a view that it would be helpful to the construction of limited liability system in china

    摘要將零星的、缺乏系統的信息從理論上加以分類，按問題整合為有限責任的正當性問題、價值評判、外部風險論爭、效率之爭，並對其逐一予以分析，以期對我國的有限責任制度建設有所幫助。
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