貸改投 的英文怎麼說

The commercial bank housing loan has the superiority in improving credit assets ’ quality comparing with other credit varieties, which is the basic reason that various commercial bank enlarges the investment in abundance at present, fighting for the housing market with all one ' s strength

商業銀行住房貸款在改善信貸資產質量和提高收益等方面與其他信貸品種相比，具有難以比擬的優勢，這是目前各家商業銀行紛紛加大投入、全力拚搶住房市場的基本原因。

If the children invest their fortunes in a productive employment, or the mortgagee on being paid off lends the amount to another landholder to improve his land, or to a manufacturer to extend his business, it is still capital, because productively employed

如果其子女把所得到的財產投資于生產，或者收回貸款的債主又把這筆錢借給另一個土地所有者去生產，或者收回貸款的債主又把這筆錢借給另一個土地所有者去改良土地，或借給製造商去擴充其業務，這筆錢就仍然是資本，因為用在了生產方面。

We attach special significance to as many cis countries participating in the work on humanitarian problems as possible and would welcome joining the agreements on the council and fund by all the commonwealth partners. active cooperation with the cis member states in these bodies and joint work on their timely and complete material - technical, financial and organizational support will serve to strengthen the commonwealth and deepen further the existing comprehensive interaction among our countries and peoples. as before, cooperation is actively evolving with our cis partners in combating terrorism and other manifestations of extremism, crime, illegal migration and illicit drug trafficking or to be more precise - narco - aggression

雙方高度評價近年來兩國經貿合作的積極勢頭，並指出，應擴大貿易規模，通過提高高新技術、機械製造、電子產品和其他高附加值商品在貿易中的份額來改善貿易商品結構，使之平衡發展；為兩國商品、服務和投資進入對方市場創造有利條件，加強包括建立合資企業、生產性合作和轉讓技術等形式的經濟技術與投資合作；完善貿易服務體系，包括加強在銀行結算、貸款擔保、保險領域的合作，加強兩國在經貿領域的法律和行政管理等工作，使貿易制度符合國際標準；加強兩國邊境和地方間合作以及中小企業之間的聯系。

Expounds the five main aspect of risk in national commercial bank, i. e. signal liability structure, bad loan quality, low capital efficiency, imperfect restriction on interior power, thin consciousness on risk avoidance ; summarizes five characters of the bank risks, including risk concentration, moral risk, risks caused by system structure, inequi ty between bank risks and revenues, aggrandizement trend of bank risks ; analysis eight reasons for bank risks, including proprietary ownership voidance, macroeconomic fluctuation, ineffective capita ] buffer mechanism, enterprise reasons. no synchronous fiscal investment and financial reform, incompetence law and regulation enforcement. chapter4 argues the opportunities and challenges of the financial globalization and requirement for bank risk managem ent. chapters suggests the methods for the risk management of national commercial bank

緊接著在第三章闡述了我國國有商業銀行風險的「五大表現」 ，即負債結構單一、信貸資產質量差、資本充足率低、內部控制機制薄弱、防範風險的意識淡薄；總結了我國國有商業銀行風險的「五大特點」 ，即風險高度集中、風險人為匿藏、風險的體制性、風險與收益嚴重不對稱、風險呈繼續擴大態勢；剖析了我國國有商業銀行風險形成的「八大因素」 ，即金融產權「人格」虛設、宏觀經濟波動、資本金等緩沖機制不健全、財政、投資和金融的體制改革不配套、法律和法規不健全等。

The apbf institution has business ability and policy information advantages in censoring, so the loan policy may have " inductive effect " on commercial financial organs ; ( 3 ) agriculture and rural economy are confronted with many puzzles and challenges, and the poor - quality condition of our agriculture has not changed for a long time. it can be explained that we have not made full use of our economic and financial instruments and that the scarcity of finances has been in such a high level. combined with policy and financing, apbf is the most suitable choice for government to protect agriculture ; ( 4 ) developing apbf is in need of deepening of the reform of financial system

究其原因，外部在於農村經濟體制改革滯后、農村金融體制改革反復不定、對農業扶持和保護的力度不夠；內部在於制度上的缺陷所致：一是缺乏管理和運營的法律制度；二是在於對農業政策性金融的經營成果的計算和組織管理比較困難；三是由於農業政策性金融要代替商業金融對存在外部性的農業進行投資，這種業務在中國本來就是商業金融盡力迴避的困難工作；四是特殊的政策性制度設計導致農業政策性金融信貸資產風險大；五是自主經營權落實不夠。

The main ways to improve the household consumption rate and enlarge household consumption expenditure are that : improving the final consumption expenditure, making the investment rate lower ; raising residents " income, especially that of low - income groups, among which the rural household constitute the largest one in china ; building an extensive more complete social protection system, giving full play to the government ' s function in adjusting the income reallocation ; restoring the enterprises to meet the needs of consumption upgrading ; further advancing the consumption crediting and make consumer - friendly environment, eliminating the policies restricting consumption

為了提高居民消費率，擴大居民消費需求，主要對策有：提高最終消費率，改變投資率過高的局面；從整體上提高居民收入，千方百計增加低收入者尤其是人數最為眾多的廣大農民的收入，提高居民消費能力；建立、健全社會保障體系，強化國家調節收入分配的職能；合理調整產業結構，促進消費結構升級；進一步發展消費信貸；改善消費環境，廢除限制消費的政策、措施。

Legal services on finance : conduct the overall planning and statement on bank loan projects ; supply the legal services concerned on bank loan ; act as the legal adviser for the government owned commercial banks, joint stock commercial banks, city commercial banks and investment banks ; draft, review, amend the contract on banking ; participate in the negotiation, testimony and maintenance of the non lawsuit monetary items ; examine the standing of the borrowers ; conduct the lawsuit and arbitration on the disputes on letter of credit, deposit receipt, entrust loan, capital call market, bank bill

金融法律業務：辦理銀行貸款項目的整體策劃和申報，提供與銀行貸款有關的法律服務，擔任國有商業銀行、股份制商業銀行、城市商業銀行及投資銀行的法律顧問，起草、審查、修改銀行業務合同，參與非訴訟金融項目談判、見證和保全，審查借款人資信，代理信用證、存單、委託貸款、資金拆借、銀行票據糾紛訴訟、仲裁。

Fixed assets loan is a sort of local and foreign currency loan granted by icbc to borrower for the fixed assets investment projects such as new construction, expansion, reconstruction, development and purchase, etc

固定資產貸款是指中國工商銀行發放的，用於借款人新建、擴建、改造、開發、購置等固定資產投資項目的本外幣貸款。

Despite the good trend on export of mechanical and electronic products, there still have some negative facts that restrict the international competitiveness of mechanical and electronic products in china. now the export management of mechanical and electronic enterprises is out of order and without effective competition medium. technological transformations and loans of mechanical and electronic enterprises are still not satisfied the practical needs

目前，我國機電企業出口經營秩序混亂，盲目競爭、壓價競爭、無序競爭的現象屢禁不止；機電產品生產企業的技術改造和技術投入貸款還遠不能滿足實際要求；機電產品出口結構中佔主導部分的仍然是資源、勞動密集型的中低檔產品；我國出口的機電產品缺乏自己的優質品牌，多以外國品牌實現對發達國家的出口。

The model of this paper explores the links between the following factors and the credit rationing in china. the change of banks " attitude to credit risk may lead to credit rationing ; banks give much more emphasis on the trade cost and the payable value of collateral, which may give rise to credit rationing ; the decreasing of asset price during economic stagnation produces credit rationing ; the bias of banks " objective function from the maximization of profit and the transformation of the function relating to the reform of the financial system cause credit rationing ; if different parts of the whole markets are not integrated, the credit in the part with low capital return ratio will be rationed. during economic recession, banks tend to ration the credit in the high - risk market ; the removing of interest ceiling will narrow down the interest spread of deposit and credit at least during a period, which may strengthen credit rationing ; meanwhile, the vulnerable borrowers, including small and middle - sized enterprises, will get more credit from banks even though they have to pay a higher interest rate

論文的模型探討了下列因素和中國信貸配給現象之間的聯系：商業銀行對信貸風險的態度變化，在辨別和控制信貸風險上開始投入大量的成本，這一過程會導致信貸配給；商業銀行對與法治環境相關的交易成本和抵押品清償價值的日漸關注會導致信貸配給；宏觀經濟緊縮時期資產價格下降會導致信貸配給；商業銀行經營目標函數偏離利潤最大化，近幾年金融業改革過程使商業銀行目標函數發生變化，這一變化過程可能導致信貸配給；在市場分化的條件下，收益水平低的市場會遭受信貸配給；在經濟下滑時期，商業銀行尤其會對高風險市場配給信貸；利率市場化使商業銀行的存貸利差至少在一段時間內縮窄，利差縮窄可能加重信貸配給的程度：在利率市場化條件下，弱勢借款者，包括中小企業，遭受信貸配給的程度可能得到緩解，但支付的貸款利率水平將會升高。

Combined with a maturity mismatch on the bank ’ s balance sheet, this give rise to a bank capital channel by which monetary policy affects bank lending through its impact on bank capital. in the third part, bank level empirical data in china are investigated

銀行信貸渠道分為資產負債表渠道和銀行貸款渠道，其中緊縮貨幣政策下，銀行貸款渠道的傳導路徑是緊縮性貨幣政策（改變銀行準備金）銀行貸款利率投資需求產出gdp ，反之則相反。

Longlin government gives priority to the development of education, and takes active measures to develop the education, include strengthening teachers " further training, advocating society contributing money for school, increasing investment for school software and hardware, moreover, there are still many problems while we are popularizing nine - year compulsory education

隆林各級政府把教育放在優先發展的戰略地位，加強師資隊伍建設，利用國際投資組織貸款，加大教育投入，改善辦學條件，開展捐資助學活動。教育成績顯著。然而，困難和問題仍不少，要按時全面實現「普九」目標，還需要付出艱苦努力。

Consequently, in order to promote the application of water - saving irrigation technology. it is essential that ( 1 ) to strengthen farmers " participation in irrigation technology construction and management ; ( 2 ) to introduce credit means and scientific research of high technology and low cost ; ( 3 ) to carry out policy of adjustment of agricultural water price and product structure accordingly ; ( 4 ) to form system of water - saving irrigation technology according to water resource reserves and farmers " economical endurance in different areas

為此，提出以下促進中國農業節水灌溉技術應用的政策建議： （ 1 ）加強灌溉工程建設和管理中的農戶參與。 （ 2 ）運用信貸手段和加強高科技含量、低成本的節水技術的科研投入等政府政府支持政策來激勵農產的技術需求。 （ 3 ）實行灌溉水價的結構性調整和農業生產結構調整相結合的策略，以便增強農戶技術改造的積累能力； （ 4 ）依據農業資源的地區性差異和農戶的經濟承受能力，分區域構建節水灌溉技術體系。

Issuing to village the policy subsidying the small sum in interest an agricultural loan a valid path for always is academic circles with poor population in generally accepted the village of solution in government in all levels, promoting village developping, from current see theoretically, the small sum of the certain scope inside subsidying the interest lends money of issue, will promote the agriculture and the development of the village, increase poor and homely income in village level, but the small sum subsidying the loan of interest is can increase the income level of the peasant household, lend money a problem for increasing accepting together native average in circumstance increasing accepting sum comparing, result how, this is this text wanting resolving, this text pass to the inquisition of the loan peasant household, in collecting large quantity one hand material of foundation, is all each county downtown to is investigated the data proceeded to gather, statisticsing the contrast circumstance that loan an income change the circumstance and increase with native average the sum, the loan sum that will be investigated the peasant household, invest the realm proceeded the contrast, and borrow funds with the region not door of that year income increment the sum proceeded the comparison. use the different from lengthways the method research that compare investment in fixed amount realm, different loan sum, not the environmental loan in area in county door increases to accept sum and its correlations. come to explain the public finance subsidy the small sum in interest an agricultural loan an influence for to peasant household income, analyzing the small sum in policy an agricultural loan an influence for to increasing accepting the factor, discussing the policy stick the small sum in interest an agricultural loan a shortage for of policy blemish and managing top, combining domestic and international policy of now of combination an agricultural loan a policy for of policy with managing way, to small sum in policy in our country an agricultural loan style establishment and manage the mode put forward a little bit personal views, the writer thinks that develop the policy an agricultural loan a root for of a farming using is a financial environment of village to push forward financial system in village reform to reform with political setup, improve village finance serve, create a competition, norm, subsidying the interest the loan the solution limitedly not farmer of letter funds need problem

向農村發放政策性貼息小額支農貸款一直是學術界和各級政府比較公認的解決農村貧困人口，促進農村發展的有效途徑，從現有的理論上看，一定范圍內的小額貼息貸款的發放，會促進農業和農村的發展，提高農村貧困家庭的收入水平，而小額貼息貸款是不是能夠提高農戶的收入水平，貸款戶的增收情況同當地的平均增收額比較，效果怎樣，這是本文所要解決的問題，本文通過對貸款農戶的調查，在收集大量第一手材料的基礎上，將各縣市區所有被調查數據進行了匯總，統計出貸款戶收入變化情況以及與當地的平均增長額的對比情況，將被調查農戶的貸款額，投資領域進行了對比，並與當地非借款戶的當年收入增加額進行了比較。用定量比較和縱向比較的方法研究不同投資領域、不同貸款額、不縣域環境的貸款戶增收額及其相互關系。來說明財政貼息小額支農貸款對農戶收入的影響，分析政策性小額支農貸款對增收的影響因素，論述政策性貼息小額支農貸款的政策性缺陷及管理上的不足，並結合當今國內外政策性支農貸款的政策和管理方式，對我國政策性小額支農貸款的政策制定及管理模式提出了個人的一些見解，筆者認為發揮政策支農貸款的支農作用的根本是推進農村金融體制改革和政治體制改革，改善農村金融服務，創造一個競爭、規范的農村金融環境，有限的貼息貸款解決不了農民的信貸資金需求問題。

Because of the historical excuses, china ' s enterprise have been dominated and managed directly by the government in a long time. they lack the capability to reorganize the assets at capital market. as is known to us, there are tens of thousands enterprises, thousands of millions of national corporation debts and tens of millions credits assets need to be reorganized

由於歷史原因，中國企業在長期的計劃經濟體制下接受政府直接控制和管理，缺乏利用資本市場實現資產優化重組的能力，中國有幾十萬家企業需要投資銀行參與改制，上萬億的國企債務需投資銀行參與盤活重組，幾千億的銀行信貸資產需要投資銀行參與保全和重組，國企改革和戰略性重組已經成為我國當前經濟體制改革的重中之重，應該說，中國企業本身也存在吸引外資重組、注入新鮮血液的內在需求。

After analyzing the present situation of rural fund supply and demand of huizhou, this paper believes that, although rural fund investment of huizhou has been increasing in recent years, the absolute expenditure on agriculture of local finance department keeps rising, the financial department ' s credit fund investment has a quicker growth, and the foreign investment and social investment has also increased, the strong demand of the whole city ' s rural economy and social enterprise for fund can ' t be satisfied, measures must be taken to improve this condition as soon as possible

摘要通過對惠州市農村資金投入和需求現狀進行分析后認為，盡管近年來惠州市農村資金的投入力度不斷加大，地方財政部門用於農業的支出絕對額持續上升，金融部門的農業信貸資金投入有了較快增長，外商投資、社會投資也有所增加，但仍難以滿足全市農村經濟和各項社會事業的發展對資金的旺盛需求，應當盡快採取措施改善這一狀況。

In part of theory research, the author points out that the scarcity of capitals is an primarily cause that leads developing country to poverty, while the financial restraints result in lack of capitals and unreasonable resources deploying, and the main measures to break vicious cycle of poverty is lift the financial restraints and improve the investment efficiency. subsequently by analyzing the phase characteristic and its practice course of our country ' s help - poverty policy, the author induces the basic deficit. and by analyzing international help - poverty loan policy especially little help - poverty loan, the author points out that our country ' s help - poverty policy must obey the credit principle and design a direct credit loan transfer system specially aiming at the poor and pay more attention to the development of human resource of the poor

在理論研究部分，作者指出，資本稀缺是導致發展中國家貧困的重要根源，而金融壓制是造成資本缺乏和資源配置不合理的主要原因，解除金融壓制、改善投資效率是打破貧困惡性循環的主要途徑；繼而通過分析我國信貸扶貧政策的階段性特徵及其實踐歷程，分析了我國信貸扶貧政策及其實踐的基本缺陷；進而通過國際扶貧信貸扶貧政策特別是小額信貸政策的分析與借鑒，作者提出，今後我國的信貸扶貧政策，必須堅持信用的基本原則、必須設計一個直接和專門針對窮人的信貸傳遞系統，注重對窮人人力資源的開發。

On one hand, these reforms are caused by market and economic adjustment, on the other hand, it is also the initiative exploration of the administration structure but the exploration is unsuccessful, the corresponding results include that the financial burden is heavy, and bank and the listed companies sacrifice medium and small investor ' s interests etc. because the listed company only regards security market of our country as the place to use the fund free at first, there is no comparativity between utilizing bond financing, bank loan, and other channels to raise enterprise development funds and stock financing

從上世紀80年代初期以前的財政資金供給到銀行信貸資金的供給，再到利用資本市場進行股票及債券等融資方式的出現，這些改革一方面是市場以及經濟環境的變化引起的迫不得已的調整，另一方面也是企業（或主管部門）為了提高企業效率，完善企業內部治理結構的主動探索。但從結果上來看，這些探索並不成功，相應的出現了財政負擔過重，銀行不良資產過多以及上市公司犧牲中小投資者利益，在市場上「圈錢」等現象。由於上市公司最初僅僅是把我國的證券市場當作獲取免費使用資金的場所，利用債券融資、銀行貸款等渠道籌措企業發展資金和股票融資沒有可比性。

To idiographic institution, the main causes of the debts forming are as follow : the finance rights and affair rights are digit in the process of the finance and tax system, the finance rights are up collecting, and the affairs rights are down moving, the finance gap formed in the process of the finance and tax system, the comparative economic shrink in the anaphase country reform, the finance ingathering became fewer : the political and the administration system reform is disjoint to the economic system reform, the village and town government financial action is lost echo obligation, the expenditure break through the budget, and so on, otherwise, the country financial system reform is lag, the invests are becoming bad for the country government intervention to economic field, the country government action is short of efficient criterion, cut down the centre transferring geld to the farmers and delay to carry out the legal payment ; the effective supervision to the loan is short of about national to the non - financial machine, and so on, so the debts form at last

但從根本講，還是制度的原因，是國家通過制度的安排來對利益進行重新分配，導致鄉鎮政府財政收入短缺，產生債務需求，最終形成債務。從具體的制度上看，主要有:財稅體制改革中的財權與事權的錯位，財權向上集中、事權不斷下移;農村稅費改革產生財政缺口;農村改革後期出現的經濟相對萎縮，財政收入減少;政治制度和行政管理制度改革與經濟改革脫節，鄉鎮政府財政行為失去應有的約束，導致開支突破預算等等，產生債務需求。另外，農村金融體制改革的滯后;鄉鎮政府對經濟領域的高度介入，出現經濟投資虧損;政府行為缺乏有效規范，截留老百姓的轉移支付款項、拖延履行法定支付義務;國家對非金融機構借貸行為缺乏有效監管等等，產生債務供給。

The banks in hong kong are profitable and liquid, and now the demand for lending is on the rise again, as confidence in the economy grows and the investment climate improves

本港銀行錄得盈利及資金充裕，同時隨市場對整體經濟重拾信心及投資氣氛改善，銀行貸款需求亦重現升勢。