carriage by sea law 中文意思是什麼
carriage by sea law
解釋
海上運送法日-
This thesis is planed to analyze and demonstrate this obligation in detail, and tries to clarify the issues below : 1, the differences in the obligation standards among the carrier, the common carrier and the bailee, and the differences in the obligation standards between care of cargo and making the ship seaworthy ; 2, combined with the cases and shipping practice, solving the problems which is produced in fulfilling the obligation ; 3, with the principle of law, analyzing the character of the responsibility which should assume when the care of cargo obligation is breached ; 4, introducing the provisions about care o f cargo obligation in preliminary draft instrument on the carriage of goods by sea and expressing my opinions
本文擬對這一義務進行詳細的分析和論證，試圖闡明以下幾個方面的問題： 1 、承運人管貨義務所要求的「妥善和謹慎」的標準與公共承運人、託管人管貨義務的標準的區別，與承運人適航義務的標準「克盡職責」的區別； 2 、結合有關案例和航運實務，分析該條文字面所表述的管貨義務的各個環節在實際運用中的相關問題； 3 、從法理的角度分析違反管貨義務所應承擔的責任的性質； 4 、介紹正在制訂的《海上貨物運輸法》 （草案）中關于承運人管貨義務的規定，並提出自己的意見。 -
If parties to a contract do not expressly or impliedly choose the applicable law, the proper law for the contract should be constructed through the rule of closest connection. this paper states the proper law for various kinds of contracts of carriage of goods by sea based on the rule of closest connection
但上述所講的是通常情況下的法律選擇原則，如果從整體情況看，運輸合同與另一個國家的關系更為密切，則前面所確定的一般推定準據法不予適用，而應適用與合同有更密切聯系的國家的法律。 -
Cmi has been endeavoring the international unification of the law relating to carrier ' s liability system arising out of the carriage of goods by sea since 1907. the hague rules which was adopted in 1924 started the beginning of the unification of carrier ' s liability system
自1907年以來， cmi就一直致力於海上貨物運輸法承運人責任制度的國際統一，並於1924年制定了海牙規則，開創了承運人責任制度統一的先河，隨著1968年修訂海牙規則維斯比議定書的通過，統一的程度有所降低。 -
Having this in mind, researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law. meanwhile, taking into account the specialties of shipping law, this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules, hague - visby rules, hamburg rules, draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ), china maritime code and china contract act 2000
有鑒於此，本論文對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的研究是建立在對一般民事舉證責任分析的基礎上，結合海商法特點，重點對《海牙規則》 、 《海牙威斯比規則》 、 《漢堡規則》 、美國1999年海上貨物運輸法草案以及我國《合同法》 、 《海商法》對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的規定做了具體的比較和分析。 -
Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law
第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。 -
China has also acceded to the 30 - some conventions formulated by the imo, such as the 1965 convention on facilitation of international maritime traffic, 1990 international convention on oil pollution preparedness, response and cooperation, international convention on standards of training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers, 1978, as amended, 1974 international convention for the safety of life at sea, international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto ( marpol, or 73 / 78 convention on pollution convention ), athens convention relating to the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea, 1974, and international convention for the unification of certain rules of law with respect to collision between vessels
中國先後加入了國際海事組織制定的30多項公約，其中包括《 1965年便利國際海上運輸公約》 、 《 1990年國際油污防備、反應和合作公約》 、 《 1995年海員培訓、發證和值班標準國際公約》 、 《 1974年國際海上人命安全公約》 、 《 1973 / 78年國際防止船舶造成污染公約》及其有關修正案、 《 1974年海上旅客及其行李運輸雅典公約》 、 《統一船舶碰撞某些法律規定的國際公約》等國際公約。 -
In the contract of carriage of goods by sea, several parties locating in different countries are involved, therefore the issue of applicable law to the contract is complicated and the disputes on application of law frequently arise
國際海上貨物運輸合同包括件雜貨運輸合同、航次租船合同、定期租船合同和光船租船合同四種。本文主要對件雜貨運輸合同和航次租船合同以及提單的法律適用問題進行研究。 -
The author makes a comparative analysis of the provisions of the prc maritime code regulating the liability of the carrier for the death of or personal injury to a passenger and the corresponding solutions of foreign laws and international conventions. she seeks to establish to what degree the solutions of international conventions have been incorporated into the prc maritime code and predict to what degree the amendment of athens convention will impact the domestic law. at the international level the carrier ' s liability has been stated by the 1974 athens convention relating to the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea ( athens convention )
《海商法》及其配套法規僅就海上旅客運輸合同中承運人對旅客人身傷亡損害賠償限額作出明確的規定，我國法律和實務界對海上旅客人身傷亡損害的賠償范圍沒有作出明確規定，故作者對運輸過程中應由承運人負責的旅客人身傷亡的金錢損害賠償和精神損害賠償展開討論，參照外國和國內的相關法律制度，明確其賠償范圍和具體的計算方法。 -
Studying on general law principle, up - date views in maritime circle as well as the shipping practice, the article is written to research the possibility and reality of the second shipper and offers own opinion on its role in contract of carriage of goods by sea, trying to achieve better understanding on law application towards this issue, hoping to find out the true profile of law which could smooth the practice
本文通過一般法律原則，現有的海商法理論以及航運業務的實踐來論證第二種托運人現象的可能性和現實性，並就此提出了自己的看法，著重解決第二種托運人的法律適用問題，分析了法律適用時必須在航運業務中予以澄清的若干問題。試圖通過這一思考過程，能對《海商法》的定義有更清晰的認識，並希望以此減少一些在實際業務中對相關問題的困惑。 -
Lien on marine goods is carrier ' s right not to deliver but to sell the goods legally possessed under the contract of carriage of goods by sea or according to law when the freight, demurrage and contribution in general average etc. are not paid by the cargo party, and to enjoy priority in compensation with the proceeds of sale of the goods
海運貨物留置權是承運人依據海上貨物運輸合同或法律規定所具有的對其在運輸過程中所合法佔有的貨物，在貨方不支付運費、滯期費以及共同海損分攤等費用時，不予以交付並加以處置，以及從處置所得價款中優先受償的權利。 -
In england carriage of goods by sea acts do not apply to voyage charter parties. the parties cancel the voyage charter parties according to the regulations of contract law. in china we must apply the contract law of prc, the maritime code of prc and the regulations on domestic carriage of goods by water correctly
在英國法中，關于海上貨物運輸的成文立法並不適用於航次租船合同，解決航次租船合同的解除問題完全依賴一般合同法原則;在中國法中，應注意正確適用《海商法》 、 《國內水路貨物運輸規則》和《合同法》 。 -
Determination of applicable law relating to contract of carriage of goods by sea
如何確定適用與涉外海上貨物運輸合同有最密切聯系的法律 -
So, with the change of contract law, contract of carriage of goods by sea will change
我國新的合同法的施行，將對我國海上貨物運輸合同甚至整個海商法都要產生影響。 -
As we know, the relation between contract and contract of carriage of goods by sea is general law and special law
合同法與海上貨物運輸合同法是一種一般與特殊的關系，因而，合同法的發展變化不可避免地要影響到海上貨物運輸合同。 -
After the adoption of the contract law of china, it will, i think, deeply influence contract of carriage of goods by sea of china
本文首先從合同法與海上貨物運輸合同的關系開始，介紹兩大法系合同立法與其海上貨物運輸合同的關系、國際公約關于海上貨物運輸合同的規定。 -
The carrier may exercise the lien on goods by the manner of applying for seizure of the goods. but the law of special proceeding of maritime action stipulates that the subject matter of seizure should belong to the defendant, the provision restricts the manner of exercising the right of lien, so we can draw a conclusion that the provision is not reasonable. alteration and assignment of contracts the contract of carriage of goods by sea usually involves the benefits of a third party
四、合同的變更與轉讓問題，本文對絕大多數情況下均會涉及到第三人利益的運輸合同的變更和轉讓，結合海上貨物運輸合同的實踐作法分析了《合同法》有關規定對其的影響，五、不合理繞航問題， 《合同法》第九十四條第四項實質上是將根本違約作為合同解除事由加以規定，並以違約行為及其嚴重性作為判斷標準。
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