in fraud of law 中文意思是什麼
in fraud of law
解釋
規避法律-
Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。 -
These measures include : make the system of securities laws to perfect, consummate the institutions of the legal person in the listed companies, base securities regulatory authority to regulate the securities market according to law, maintain order of the securities market and ensure the lawful operation of the same, reinforce continuing disclosure of information and the system of financial and accounting reports, make the listed companies shall immediately submit an ad hoc report on the details of such major event to the securities regulatory authority and to the stock exchanging and the same known to the general public, promote investors consciousness of protecting themselves and consummate the civil litigation mechanism to gain compensation and damages, make use of the press to supervise the stock market and reinforce punishment to the persons who act securities fraud
在這些原則的指導下，本文提出了一套規制證券欺詐的具體法律措施.包括健全證券法律體系，做到證券欺詐的規制有法可依;完善上市公司的法人治理結構，建立完善的證券監管體系，尤其對證券業協會的性質、功能和職責從法律上給予明確界定以確保充分發揮證券行業的自律作用，最大限強化信息披露責任，嚴格會計制度，力求信度地避免證券欺詐行為發生;強化信息披露貢任，產格會計刷度，刀水侶息準確，披露及時;增強廣大中小投資者的自我保護意識，完善賠償訴訟機制;依法賦予新聞媒體輿論監督權，充分發揮新聞媒體監督作用;深入研究證券欺詐者心理規律，加強法律懲治力度 -
Article 269 whoever commits the crime of theft, fraud or forcible seizure of money or property and uses violence on the spot or threatens to use violence in order to conceal the booty, resist arrest or destroy the criminal evidence shall be convicted and punished in accordance with the provisions of article 263 of this law
第二百六十九條犯盜竊、詐騙、搶奪罪，為窩藏贓物、抗拒抓捕或者毀滅罪證而當場使用暴力或者以暴力相威脅的，依照本法第二百六十三條的規定定罪處罰。 -
Finally, the essay has analyzed the present situation of honesty and credit in china, the author has put forward the idea that a new crime of contract cheating should be added into the criminal law. first, it is the make - up article of crime of contract fraud ; second, it can help rebuild the social culture and improve the sense of honesty and credit of the citizens by means of punishing those who violate the right of use
本文第四章論述了針對我國目前的信用狀況提出應增設合同詐欺罪，一者可以成為合同詐騙罪的阻截構成要件，二者可以把嚴重侵犯他人財產使用權的行為犯罪化，以期用刑法手段重塑我國市場經濟所必需的信用文化。 -
The precedent conduct in converted robbery under article 269 of criminal law does not necessarily to be larceny, fraud or larceny in presence. the " scene " for the subsequent conduct may be the scene of larceny, fraud or larceny in presence, it may also be the chasing place after the perpetrator was found on the crime committing site or the place immediately next to the crime committing site
刑法第269條規定的轉化型搶劫罪，不要求行為人的前提行為構成盜竊、詐騙、搶奪罪，後行為中的「當場」既可以是實施盜竊、詐騙、搶奪行為的現場，也可以是行為人在實施盜竊、詐騙、搶奪行為的現場或剛一離開該現場就被人立即發現並及時進行追捕的場所。 -
In order to compensate investors " damages and punish deceivers " illegal activities, legislators have extended the conception of legal fraud from civil law to securities law. this policy also decides that securities fraud is a given legal definition, which breaks through that on civil juristic act in constitutive elements and legal consequences, and closes to that on law of torts in essence
將民事欺詐的概念延伸至證券領域，主要是為補償投資者的經濟損失和制裁欺詐者的違法行為提供法律依據，這一立法政策決定了證券欺詐是一個特定的法律概念，在構成要件和法律後果兩方面突破了民事法律行為制度中的欺詐，在性質上更接近於侵權法上的欺詐責任。 -
We hope electronic bill of lading law in the uniform international convention should be made at proper time. the problems of bill of fraud can be solved by perfecting bill of lading systems
闡明提單的電子化是經濟一體化和科學技術的飛速發展的必然結果，呼籲以國內法和國際公約的形式適時制定電子提單法律制度，材良本上解決提單欺詐問題。 -
Don ' t fall for the wrong call, an 8 - page, in - depth guide provides information on common tricks and charitable donation scams used by telemarketers, how to answer sales calls, warning signs of fraud, how to protect yourself from unwanted calls, your rights under the law and how you can sue telemarketers who do not honor your wishes not to be called
大家萬勿陷入此?電話騙局， ?本手冊長達八頁，針對一般利用電話行騙的手法或電話詐騙慈善捐款、如何接聽推銷電話、騙局預警、個人如何防範電話推銷、個人法律保障以及電話推銷員觸犯個人「謝絕來電「權益等提供深入的指引。 -
On the fraud of conditions constituting crime of piracy in international law
論國際法上海盜罪構成條件之弊端 -
Contracts in the contract law and the labour contracts. thirdly, the essay has discussed the boundary line of the crime and the non - crime, this crime and that one. all of them are somewhat in relation to the crime of contract fraud
本文第三章詳盡論述了合同詐騙罪與合同糾紛、合同欺詐的界限，合同詐騙罪與詐騙罪、金融詐騙罪、生產銷售偽劣產品罪等的區別。 -
Although there is no the description of " for the purpose of illegal possession " in the fads about the crime, the crime can not be tenable without the purpose. on the other hand, the crime of fraud on letter of credit leaves from common fraud crime, which is a crime for the purpose of illegal possession with direct intent. on some occasion, there is a division of accomplished cffense and unaccomplished offense in crime of fraud on letter of crfdit. the act of counterfeiting a letter of credit and using it afterwards, and the act of using a noneffec tive credit, and the act of defrauding a bank to open a credit or using fraudulent clause in credit somewhat should be punished seriously by our country ' s criminal law
信用證詐騙罪所侵犯的客體是國家對信用證的管理制度以及公私財產所有權，其客觀行為表現包括使用偽造、變造的信用證或者附隨的單據、文件進行詐騙活動、使用作廢的信用證進行詐騙活動、騙取信用證進行詐騙活動以及以其他方法進行信用證詐騙活動，信用證詐騙罪的犯罪主體包括自然人和單位，主觀上屬于直接故意，要求行為人具有非法佔有的目的。在司法實踐中，應注意信用證詐騙罪與非罪、與彼罪的區分認定，以及對罪數形態、共同犯罪和既未遂形態的認識。 -
This article consists of five parts, comparatively analyses the concrete content of american federation ' s and states " and non - official organizations legislation regarding electronic signature which can provide some good advice on chinese electronic signature legislation. part i mainly introduce the evolution of traditional signature, especially the requirement of signature in " statute of fraud " among the common law. in order to meet the demands of " statute of fraud " and cope with the challenge to traditional legal system brought about by electronic commerce
本文分五個部分，比較分析了美國聯邦，州以及非官方組織有關電子簽名立法的具體內容，以期為中國電子簽名立法提供有益的建議：第一章主要分析了傳統簽名的歷史演進，尤其是普通法中的反欺詐法對「簽名」的要求，在電子商務中，為滿足反欺詐法的要求，美國聯邦、州以及非官方機構紛紛立法和出臺示範法，擴充傳統簽名的涵義，確立和完善電子簽名制度，以應對電子商務對傳統法律制度的挑戰。 -
Whoever makes use of statistical investigation to jeopardize public interests or engage in fraud shall be ordered by the statistics institution of the people ' s government at or above the county level to set it right and his illegal gains shall be confiscated, and he may also be fined ; if the case constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law
利用統計調查損害社會公共利益或者進行欺詐活動的，由縣級以上人民政府統計機構責令改正，沒收違法所得，可以處以罰款；構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任。 -
Article 49 whoever commits fraud or other acts violating the discipline or sports rules in competitive sports shall be punished by the relevant public sports organization in accordance with the provisions of its articles of association ; state functionaries who are held directly responsible shall be subject to administrative sanctions in accordance with law
第四十九條在競技體育中從事弄虛作假等違反紀律和體育規則的行為，由體育社會團體按照章程規定給予處罰；對國家工作人員中的直接責任人員，依法給予行政處分。 -
It is shown that there are different degree defects in a few definitions in the theories field. in overview of the general requests for giving a definition and the character of the offense of insurance fraud, the writer views that the offense of insurance fraud refers to the act of policy holder, the insured and beneficiary in the insurance contract relation violating the regulations of insurance law to illegally occupy as its purpose, adopt deliberately falsifying the subject matter of the insurance ; or cooking up the cause of an insured accident or overstating the extent of loss ; or inventing stories an insured accident that does not occur ; or deliberately causing the occurrence an insured accident that leads to property ; or deliberately making insurance accidents to swindle large sums of insurance. it has the characteristics as follows : their being subjectively in the diversity of the criminals, the combination of intelligence and cruelty of the criminals, simpler in criminal suspect ; their being objectively in deceptive, crime means " profession to turn, the crime activity concealment very strong, be involved amount of money huge, usually living with other crime companions, the severity of the consequences of the crime, higher black number of crime, and having a thing
筆者認為:保險詐騙罪的犯罪客體不屬于本罪的構成要件，保險詐騙罪的成立僅須具備犯罪主體要件、犯罪主觀要件和犯罪客觀要件三個要件即可;鑒于保險詐騙罪的預備形態在現實中的危害性不大，本文僅就保險詐騙罪的未遂形態和中止形態進行了探討;著重探討了保險詐騙罪共犯中的身份問題，對保險詐騙罪的教唆犯和幫助犯的構成特徵及刑事責任進行了探討;逐一對保險詐騙罪的實質一罪（法規競合與想像競合）和處罰一罪（牽連犯與吸收犯）進行了分析;同時，從犯罪數額和主觀目的上討論了保險詐騙罪的成罪條件，將保險詐騙罪與普通詐騙罪和合同詐騙罪進行了區分;最後，在對保險詐騙罪立法沿革和立法模式分析的基礎上，從保險詐騙罪的主體、主觀方面、客觀方面以及立法技術等幾個方面對保險詐騙罪的缺陷及其完善提出了自己的看法。 -
The author himself has been experiencing the turbulence of chinese securities market, and has the same feeling of greed of human beings in securities market with the minority investors, and has apperceived the impact on law especially civil and commercial law imposed by the concept of right - orientation and the principle of good faith, so it is natural that the author chooses the civil liability of securities fraud to be the topic of his graduation thesis
我國證券立法尚未形成規制證券市場欺詐行為的民事法律責任體系，實務當中也是以種種站不住腳的理由漠視廣大中小投資者合法權益被肆意侵犯。作者親身體驗了中國證券市場的動蕩，並對通過證券市場表現出來的人性貪婪的一面與弱勢投資者感同身受，加之數年受法律尤其是民商法權利本位、誠實信用觀念的沖擊，於是有了本文便是自然而然的事情了。 -
The third analyzes the definition of fraud of a letter of credit in law both domestic and international, the types of fraud, the general character of fraud, and the exception to the independence principle of fraud. then i will discuss the issue of utility maximization between " independence principle " and " exception to the independence principle " with the methods of evaluating maximum value and case study
第三部分分析了信用證詐騙在國內外法律上的界定，詐騙的類型，詐騙的共性，詐騙的「例外原則」 ，然後通過求最大值的方法並結合案例談了「獨立原則」與「例外原則」的效用最大化問題。 -
The article defines the audit report ' s authenticity, accuracy and completeness regulated in the securities law according to the revision of some detailed auditing rules ; defines the cpa ' s ordinary negligence, gross negligence and fraud according to cpa ' s profession characteristics ; classifies the degree of wrongs of cpas and burden of proof : when audit report exists in the prospectus or listing statement, cpa is liable for ordinary negligence ; when it exists in annual report, cpa is liable for gross negligence, these negligence are inferred by law
由於對注冊會計師的過錯也存在不同看法，本部分根據其職業特點，對其過錯的含義重新界定。根據審計報告所出現的披露文件的影響范圍不同，對注冊會計師承擔責任的過錯程度及舉證進行區分，出現在招股說明書與上市報告書中時，注冊會計師承擔普通過失責任，出現在年度報告中時，承擔重大過失責任，且都由法律推定過失存在，但如果要想讓注冊會計師承擔故意責任時，原告需負舉證責任。 -
Article 55 any unit emitting environmental noise that, in violation of the provisions of article 21 of this law, refuses to undergo on - the - spot inspection by the competent administrative department for environmental protection or by any other department or institution that exercises its power of supervision and control of environmental noise in accordance with the provisions of this law, or resorts to fraud when being inspected, may be given a disciplinary warning or be fined in light of the seriousness of the violation by the said competent administrative department or the said department or institution
第五十五條排放環境噪聲的單位違反本法第二十一條的規定，拒絕環境保護行政主管部門或者其他依照本法規定行使環境噪聲監督管理權的部門、機構現場檢查或者在被檢查時弄虛作假的，環境保護行政主管部門或者其他依照本法規定行使環境噪聲監督管理權的監督管理部門、機構可以根據不同情節，給予警告或者處以罰款。 -
As responsibility on private law, civil liability of securities fraud is with an eye to provide homogeneity remedies for investors. it has special functions and values in scope of application, substantive rules, procedural rules and legal effects etc., so it is the most direct and effective measure to realize protection of investors " interests. this decides its nuclear status in securities legal responsibility system
作為私法責任，證券欺詐的民事責任著眼于為投資者提供「同質」救濟，其在適用范圍、實體權利、程序規則和法律效果等方面具有獨特的功能與價值，是實現投資者利益保護這一立法宗旨最直接、最有效的手段，理應在證券法律責任體系中居於核心地位。
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