origin of law 中文意思是什麼

It expounds the origin of bankruptcy administrator system, gives a general introduction to specific bankruptcy administrator system of such countries like germany, japan, us and uk, etc, and makes summaries and comments on the history and status quo of our bankruptcy administrator system, thus it provides a solid theoretical foundation for the following discussion. in the second section, the author discusses the nature and status of bankruptcy administrator. on the basis of introduction, comparison and evaluation of various theories of legal systems of civil law and common law, this paper comes up with the view point that it is appropriate for china to establish the bankruptcy administrator system with the trustee system as its core, it redefines the bankruptcy administrator and provides theoretical base point for the perfection of the bankruptcy administrator system in china

本文的第一部分從考察破產管理人制度的歷史沿革入手，在闡釋了破產管理人制度的起源之後對德、日、美、英等國各具特色的破產管理人制度進行了總體的介紹，並對我國破產管理人制度的歷史和現狀進行了綜述和評介，為展開後文的論述提供了深厚的理論背景；文章的第二部分就破產管理人的性質和地位問題展開討論，在介紹、比較和評價大陸法系與英美法系關于該問題的各種學說基礎上，提出了我國宜以信託制度為核心，確立破產管理人制度的觀點，對破產管理人進行了定位，從而為後文完善我國破產管理人制度的構想提供了理論基點；最後，文章就如何完善我國破產管理人制度提出了一些構想，主要對破產管理人的選任和撤換、破產管理人的權利和義務、對破產管理人的監督機制等方面的制度建構和完善提出了一些具有現實意義的設想和建議。

The origin of separation system can be traced back to ancient rome and the position of it was established by canon law in the age of medieval europe. the separation system was thereafter gradually developed and improved by legislators and jurists in all the countries

別居制度源於古羅馬，中世紀歐洲的寺院法確立了別居制度在離婚制度中的地位，世界各國的立法者、法學家不斷將其發展和完善。

This article starts with the origin of result - aggravated crime, and advancing the concept of result - aggravated crime by analyzing, contrasting and researching the basic theory of result - aggravated crime in foreign criminal law. the author give a comprehensive dissertation and analysis on the classify of result - aggravated crime and uncompleted - pattern of it, viz. whether existing uncompleted - pattern of result - aggravated crime, and on coacting offence, and the distinguish of correlational criminal conformation

本文從結果加重犯的源起入手，通過對外國刑法中結果加重犯的基本理論問題進行分析、對比和研究，對結果加重犯的概念提出了自己的觀點，並對結果加重犯的分類、未遂問題，即是否存在未遂問題和結果加重犯的共同犯罪問題及其與相關犯罪形態的界定等問題進行了較為全面的論述和分析，在文章的最後還對我國刑法中有關結果加重犯的規定作出了評析並提出相關的完善建議。

The phrase “ sources of law ” is often used to describe methods and procedures by which law is created and developed, or the origin from which particular laws derive their authority or coercive force

「法的淵源」通常是被用來描述產生和制訂法律的方法和程序，或者是特定法律的權威性和強制力的淵源。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。

The next chapter gives detailed analysis and discussion on the legal status of consignee when bill of lading is issued or is not. there exist seven theories to explain the legal basis on which the consignee takes rights and responsibilities. by analysis and comparision, the author comes to the conclusion that when transferrable bill is issued, the theory of " security relationship " can better explain the origin of consignee ' s rights, while he takes the responsibilities according to direct stipulations of law

接下來，分別對提單、電子提單和海運單項下的收貨人的法律地位進行了具體論述，著重分析了目前存在的各種學說的成功與不足之處，以及收貨人享有權利和承擔義務的法理依據，得出結論認為在簽發提單和電子提單的情況下，證券關系說可以作為收貨人享有權利的法律依據，法律規定說可以作為收貨人承擔義務的法理依據的結論。

In my opinion, it is illogical to analyses the legal nature of warrantee insurance according to the law relationship. viewing the origin of warrantee insurance from the angle of economy may be a creative way

筆者認為以法律關系分析法律性質是逆邏輯的，要研究保證保險的性質，應該從經濟著眼，先看保證保險的產生。

In summary, it is the objective basis that mitigating the ecological functions declining of forest and solving the embarrassing situation of our ecological forests of the cultivation, protecting property rights and " all citizens are equal before the law ", thus gives rise to the " principle of equitable burden " is the theoretical origin of its existence

緩解森林生態功能衰退和解決我國生態公益林經營管理的尷尬狀況是該制度提出的現實基礎，而對財產權的保護和「會平負擔原則」則是該制度存在的理論依據。

If we try to trace back the origin, the fact that there exists the hermeneutic right system both in anglo - american genealogy of law and continental genealogy of law has its root in the fact that any civil actions are faced with the problem of how to deal with the relation between the court and the contesting parties, and the hermeneutic right is just the demarcation line between the action spheres on these two sides, the problem of how to deal with the relation between the court and the contesting parties bears more importance and necessity to china, which is now promoting the reform of the ways and manner of civil adjudication and which is now in the period of undergoing changes, upon the above - mentioned considerations, the thesis attempts the study of the hermeneutic right system

如果再追溯的話，英美法系，大陸法系之所以都有釋明權制度，歸根在於任何民事訴訟都面臨如何定位法院和當事人之間關系的問題，而釋明權恰恰是它們活動范圍的涇渭之線。如何定位法院和當事人之間的關系，對于正在進行民事審判方式改革，處于轉型時期的我國更顯得必要，基於以上考慮，文章決定對釋明權制度展開一些研究。全文分為引言、正文、結語三大部分。

Another discussion on the idealistic origin of government - by - law theory in west

也論西方法治理論的思想淵源

Points out that the liability of danger is not the sanction to violations of law. the basic idea of the liability of danger lies in " the reasonable distribution of unlucky damages ". the main reasons are : ( 1 ) the doctrine of origin of danger, i. e. the owner or holder of enterprise, instrument, < | > r article assume the liability because they create the danger ; ( 2 ) doctrine of control of danger, i. e. the enterprise assumes the liability for it ? controls the danger in certain extent ; ( 3 ) doctrine of " enjoying benefit, assuming liability ", i. e. the owner or holder of enterprise, instrument, or article assume the liability because they enjoy the benefit ; ( 4 ) doctrine of allocation of losses, i. e. the damages occurred from the liability of danger should be dissipated through the price mechanism of commodity service and insurance system

Esser ）在其名著《危險責任之基礎與發展》 （ 1941年）一書中指出，危險責任不是對不法行為的制裁，危險責任的根本思想在於「不幸損害的合理分配」 ，主要根據在於： （ 1 ）危險來源說，即因為企業、物品或裝置的所有人或持有人製造了危險來源，因而應承擔責任； （ 2 ）危險控制說，即企業在某種程度能控制這些危險，因此應負責任； （ 3 ）享受利益負擔危險說，即企業、物品或裝置的所有人或持有人從其企業、裝置或物品中獲得利益，故理所當然應當負擔風險； （ 4 ）損失分攤說，因危險責任而生的損害賠償，得經由商品服務的價格機能和保險制度予以分散。

According to the re - analyses on pollen assemblages and archeological evidences in the site and related documents, this paper reconstructs the sequence of fossil pollen - pollen - vegetation - paleoclimate during the prehistoric period, emphatically discussing environment changes, the space - time distributed law on archaeological sites, the origin of culture fault and formation mechanism

本文根據孢粉學和考古學證據，結合相關文獻資料，從古地理學、考古學、歷史學等綜合研究的角度，重建史前時期化石花粉? ?孢粉植被? ?古氣候環境的演變序列，著重探討太湖流域新石器時期的環境變遷與古文化遺址的時空分佈規律、文化斷層的成因及其機制。

On the origin and form of law

試論法的淵源與法的形式

Immediately it explores the reason of the blemish from three ways including traditional administration culture, unilateral cognition in human nature and the regulation of morals growing in order to further demonstrate the necessity of administration ethics by rule of law, using the method of the substantial evidence analysis. the fourth part retrospects the development of administration morals law in the ancient chinese, the development origin and development with present condition of administration moral system in the united states, the method of administration moral legalization of hong kong

第一，說明了道德與法律的辯誣關系和協同性功能，行政道德建設要超越法制化的局限而進行法治化的建設，及法治化建設也需要制度建設，提出了旨在保障行政相對人及社會公眾基本權利的行政法制，本身就具有一種行政道德性；而恰恰是這種包含公平與正義等觀念的行政道德建設，也必然地要變為一種法治的觀點。

The primary factor that runs through this study is development of time, on the basis of collecting the theory and practice materials influencing chinese clothing marketing to develop process, sum up and summarize to a great deal of clothing marketing cases, and analyze and research its origin of the theory, the backgrounds of society and politics economy and clothing trade, thus describe the basic function law of contemporary chinese clothing marketing development, put the course of chinese clothing marketing development and train of thought in order

研究始終貫串時間發展主線，在收集影響中國服裝營銷發展進程的理論和實踐資料的基礎上，對諸多的服裝營銷實踐事例進行了歸納和總結，並分析研究了其發生的理論根源、社會政治經濟和服裝行業的背景，從而描述出當代中國服裝市場營銷發展的基本運行規律，理清中國服裝市場營銷發展的過程和脈絡。

Prevention to crime by taking advantage of duty in the domain of construction work means systematicly preventive activities that legal person of construction unit, apartment and programme, who propose the preventive countermeasure in accordance with legal rules and regulations, which can be carried out in ways of politics, economy, education, administration, law, and meanwhile can eliminate all kinds of the factors which can initiate crime by taking advantage continuously. the goal of legal person is to contain, reduce, and prevent the crime by taking advantage of duty in the field of construction work, who direct against the condition, characteristic, rule and origin of crime

建築工程領域的職務犯罪預防則是指建設領域的有關單位、部門與項目法人針對建築工程領域職務犯罪的狀況、特點、規律、成因，以遏制、減少、防止建築工程領域的職務犯罪為目的，從法律規章、制度機制上提出預防對策，綜合採取政治、經濟、教育、行政、法律等手段，不斷消除各種能夠引發職務犯罪的因素的預防性、體系性的防範活動。

Historical origin of law

法的歷史淵源

An inquiry into the legitimate origin of the civil law ' s judiciary explanations

民法司法解釋的法源性初探

Through analysing the basic theories and reasons, gathering and reviewing the related law and regulations, discussing the disputed problem of the liability for tort, the author of this thesis reach conclusions as follows : it is the origin of law that embodies the professional responsibility of cpa in view of the legal liability of auditing. as far as the civil liability for tort of cpa ` s negligent act to practice is concerned, the subject of liability relates directly to the organization form of the accounting firms. whether liability for breach of contract or for tort that cpa should be taken against customers depends on the reason of sue which the customers choice

在界定與注冊會計師執業過失行為相關的民事侵權責任時，責任主體與會計師事務所組織形式有直接關系;責任主體對客戶的責任:若以違約訴之則應承擔違約責任，若以侵權訴之則應承擔侵權責任;選擇已知第三人原則作為確定第三人范圍的標準;主張以過錯推定原則作為注冊會計師執業過失行為民事侵權責任的歸責原則;確定構成要件時，應當將違法行為包含在過錯要件之中，即構成要件包括:損害事實、行為與損害事實之間的因果關系、行為人的過錯。

The origin of law, and the written by professor felix of harvard

《法律的起源》 ，是哈佛大學的菲利克斯教授寫的。