pricing problem 中文意思是什麼
pricing problem
解釋
定價問題-
Chapter 3 researches the ipos system and modes, bring forward the ipos system ' s change trend and the ipos pricing modes " characteristics, as well as the ipos pricing modes " limitations. so points out the epos approve system ' s problem
第三章比較研究國內外ipo發行體制和ipo發行方式，從而找出ipo發行體制變動趨勢，三種ipo定價方式的特點、適用范圍和現行核準制存在的問題。 -
In a word, it presents a comprehensive and systemic analysis on mbo in china and foreign countries, from the followly fire aspects : the background of mba, the policy environment, the objective firms, the pricing methods, the financing system, find out differences of mba and the causes of them, and combinating special eco - nomic environment and economic traces of our country, the author puts forward counterplan. these counterplans primarily include : from strengthening laws, enhancing the information to publish, culturing to agency and etc to come to perfect the mbo policy environment on our country ; defining objective firms of mbo in realm that the state - owned property is decided to withdraw ; with the clean property worth for the foundation, synthesize to consider managers " contribute and the value of control powers with company, and pass the market mechanism to come for right price of the objective firms ; pass growing the organization investor, creative financing tool and optimizing the assistant financial system, establishing the valid withdrawing way of financing etc to resolve the financing problem
在此基礎上，論文從收購背景、政策環境、目標企業、定價方法、融資體制等五個方面對中外mbo做了全面系統的對比分析，找出了兩者的差異及原因，並結合我國特有的經濟環境和經濟軌跡，提出了相應的對策措施。這些對策主要包括：從健全法律法規、加強信息披露、培育中介機構等方面來完善我國mbo的政策環境；在國有資產決定退出的領域內對mbo的目標企業進行界定；以凈資產值為基礎，綜合考慮管理層貢獻和公司控制權兩個因素，通過市場機制來為目標公司正確定價；通過培育機構投資者、創新融資工具和優化配套金融制度、建立有效的融資的撤出渠道等來解決融資問題。 -
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
Linear complementary problem and american option pricing
線性補問題與美式期權定價 -
The pricing problem of the american option is currently studied as one of the important items in finance
美式期權的定價問題是當前金融學面臨的重要研究課題之一。 -
A glimmer of factory means, because of higher times soon light dish slice situation for having the attestation problem, for small factory and speech, threshold and customer s threshold of its technique will more increasing, light dish slice big trend of property the big will more obviously, future even appearing reduce pricing the competition, and also can t such as the past cd - r the property eliminate of horrifying
一線廠商表示，由於更高倍速光盤片有認證問題，對于小廠而言，其技術門檻及客戶門檻將更提高，光盤片產業大者恆大的趨勢將愈趨明顯，將來即使出現殺價競爭的情形，也不會如過去cd - r產業淘汰時的慘烈 -
The problem on defautable american call - option pricing
具有違約風險的美式買權的定價問題 -
As far as stock issue and price fixing are concerned, it creatively offers the method of ratio pricing of premium on management and settles the problem of high price stock distribution
在涉及股票發行定價方面，創造性地提出了「管理溢價系數定價法」 ，解決了以往股份公司股票發行價格虛高的現象。 -
The following is the studying process on the problem. first of all, we overview the methods of the option pricing and the compute, then make the tests of normality on the return rate of stock by skewness - kurtosis test and kolmogorov - smirnov test
第一部分對期權定價有關問題作綜述，先介紹有關期權的一些概念，再介紹期權定價的方法與計算，最後概括期權方面研究的問題與本文主要研究的問題 -
In electricity market the problem of pricing and performing management is an important problem which concerns the interest of all sides, including generation, transmission and customers
在電力市場中如何以最便宜的方式調度agc機組逐漸成為牽動全局，事關發電、用戶、輸電各方利益的重大問題。 -
In the past, generation, transmission, distribution in china were regulated. there was n ' t electricity pricing problem
指出以前我國電力生產使用的四個過程發電、輸電、配電、用電統一壟斷經營，不存在電價問題。 -
On facing the problem of financing ， the thesis brings forward the trust solution and mbo fund solution on the basis of financing theory and international experience. on facing the problem of pricing, the thesis sets forth the differences between the traditional pricing model and eva model on the basis of analyzing the reasons of improper pricing. during the process author finds out the limitation of the traditional model and modifies the details of
針對管理層收購定價問題，本文在分析價格失真原因的基礎上，闡述了傳統價值評估模型，即貼現現金流（ dcf ）模型、市盈率模型與經濟附加值（ eva ）模型的區別與聯系，提出傳統的價值評估方法存在的缺陷，修正了eva方法應用於中國管理層收購的具體參數。 -
On this basis, the paper mainly proves that the value process { v ( t tl h, s ) ; 0 t t } of european continuous - time knock - out double - barrier put option is a martingale in the complete market without transaction costs, and the martingale property of single - barrier put option is given. at the same time, the pricing problem of american knock - out double - barrier put option is also being discussed, and the formula for determining its value at any time t ( 0 t t ) is obtained
在此基礎上，本文主要證明了在不存在交易成本的完全市場條件下連續時間歐式觸銷式雙障礙賣權貼現到0時刻的價值過程{ v （ t _ l _ h ， s _ （ t _ l _ h ） ） ； 0 t t ） }為鞅，並且給出了對應單障礙賣權價值過程的鞅性質。 -
This paper makes use of the relevant theories of microeconomics, game theory and dynamic program to examine the dynamic pricing problem of a foreign firm that faces such an ad and administrative reviews policy on the condition that the foreign firm and the domestic firm are being at complete information and simultaneous determination, meanwhile analyzes factors affecting the foreign firm ' s product price in the export market ; and solve the theory problem of the dynamic pricing of export goods for our export firms, meanwhile conclude that our export firms and government should make it necessary to establish various guilds to unify and coordinate export price, export quantity and export areas
摘要運用微觀經濟學、博弈論及動態規劃等有關理論，探討了在國內外企業處于完全信息（即確定性）且同時決策的假設條件下，面對國內政府的反傾銷及行政復議，國外企業為實現其在國內市場上所獲取的利潤貼現值的總和達到最大化的動態定價問題，同時對影響出口產品的定價因素進行了簡要的分析；解決了我國出口企業出口產品的動態優化定價的理論問題，得出了我國出口企業、政府應從長遠的利益出發，建立各行業協會，避免各自為政、低價傾銷的被動局面，統一和協調各行業的出口價格、出口數量及出口地區等重要結論。 -
It is applicable to the network in which the circumfluence exists. pricing of active and reactive power is integrated efficiently. the problem that how to recover the cost of the generators which operate in the under excitation condition is resolved successfully
該方法適用於存在環流的網路，有效地解決了發電機進相運行時生產的成本回收問題，並將負荷有功、無功電價計算有效地統一起來；它計算簡單，實用性強。 -
It also studies the problem of real option pricing when the underlying assets follow the pure jump poisson, mixed jump - diffusion merton and mean - reversion model, and obtains the price formula or partial differential equation to price and hedge the real option. when the value of real option can not separate from the value of project, or the uncertainties are endogenous to real option holder, it is difficult to pricing the real option by the ways of no - arbitrage. in this paper we present a approach named valuation with comparison, its basic point is to value the project or program with flexibility by means of decision tree analysis ( dta ) and stochastic dynamic programming ( sdp ), and the results are compared with that of non - flexibility, finally,
當實物期權的價值不能從項目價值中分離出來，或者影響基本資產價格的不確定性內生於期權的持有者時，此時實物期權的價值一般難以直接利用無套利方法得到，本文通過對現有文獻進行歸納，提出一種比較定價法，其基本要點是利用決策樹、動態規劃法或二叉樹模型等技術來確定嵌有柔性的項目或方案的價值，然後將其與沒有柔性的項目或方案進行比較，從而獲得各種柔性的價值，作為這種方法的一個應用，本文研究了柔性勞動合約的設計與定價問題，研究表明，對企業重要員工採用長期勞動合約，而對一般員工採用短期合約可以節約勞動力使用成本。 -
What ' s more, the paper studies the key point of green technology trade - - - - - - - green technology trade pricing problem
文中還進一步對綠色技術貿易中的核心要點? ?綠色技術定價問題的進行了研究。 -
This thesis studies the differential pricing problem of air passenger transport
本文研究了民航客運的多等級動態差別定價問題。 -
Just because of these reasons, cox, ross and rubinstein put forward the foundation of the algorithm, solving the pricing problem of the american option, which is significant to the development of the pricing theory of the option and option products
正是因為這些原因， 1979年， cox ， ross和rubinstein發表了《期權定價：一種簡化方法》的論文，提出演算法的基礎，解決了美式期權的定價問題，對期權定價理論和期權產品的發展具有重要意義。 -
The esos pricing problem is just a subsection but a critical section in the esos research. it relates to the cost of implementing the esos plans and the esos plan compensation effect
然而傳統的文獻研究主要集中在員工認股權計劃的激勵問題及會計處理上，而忽視了對員工認股權定價的研究。
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