private costs 中文意思是什麼
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Second, whereas information is by no means costless to the contracting parties, social capital in the form of effective norms, strong civic engagement, active public - private networks, and high mutual trust all lead to lower costs of acquiring information and lower possibility of exerting costly punitive actions on frauds
此一架構系以社會資本的理論與概念來增進自然災害防治工作的效率及效能，復以合作領導的方式來建構及鞏固社會資本與公、私部門間的協力合作關系。 -
But the costs to producer ( under communal property rights ) of discovering consumer preferences, or those to the supervisor of monitoring performance, will be higher than under private enterprise
可是， （在集體所有產權制度下的）生產者要探索消費者的喜好，或督導從屬的費用，卻遠比在私有企業下的高。 -
In view of the above, the grantor hereby, unconditionally and irrevocably, indemnifies and keeps the grantee harmless from any and all liabilities ( either for criminal or private action ), damages, claim, fine, charge, costs, expenses which may be imposed by any government authority or courts or any party to the grantee or where the grantee may become liable with respect the utilization or misused or accident in relation to the utilization of the explosive materials by the grantor, its employees, personnel, successor, and / or any party appointed by the grantor as mentioned above
鑒于上述情況，授予人應無條件、不能撤回地賠償被授予人，並使被授予人在任何政府或法院或參與者面前免於其被強加的法律責任，包括（無論是刑事訴訟還是民事訴訟） 、損失、索賠、罰款、責令、訴訟費等一切費用；或者當被授予人由於使用或誤用或可能在與使用授予人、其雇員、人員、繼承人、和/或授予人任命的任何參與者提供的爆炸性物質相關的事故中承擔法律責任時，授予人同樣要無條件、不能撤回地賠償被授予人，並且使被授予人免於上述責任。 -
The general lack of confidence in private enterprises causes the authorization and the empowering acts to have high agency costs
社會普遍信任度的不足使民營企業的授權、放權存在著極高的代理成本。 -
In a perspective of economics, it is proposed that knowledge can be economic goods or private goods conditionally by giving it a definition. it is also addressed that the relation between input and output is uncertain, the output ca n ' t be possessed by the producer totally, and the costs vs the profit of learning is incomplete corresponding, by studying the product, transfer and diffusion of knowledge. 2
從經濟學角度定義了「知識」的概念，論述了知識構成經濟物品、私有物品的有條件性和動態性；研究了知識的生產、知識的轉移和擴散等問題，指出了科研投入產出的不確定性、研究機構對研究成果佔有的不完全性、知識學習的成本一收益的弱對應性。 -
The possible drawbacks of this approach are the costs and difficulties of private borrowing, especially for the poorest countries.
這種方法可能存在的弊端是，向私人借款需要費用並會遇到困難，特別是對于最貧窮的國家來說。 -
Private proponent operates the facility for implementing agency under an agreement and is allowed to get compensation for the following : proponents investment costs and reasonable return and, operating charges contract - add - operate
-對提議人的補償包括以下幾項：提議人的投資成本、合理利潤及對《合同附加經營》的經營費用 -
Private schools and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive and develop during a period of rising costs and dropping enrollments elsewhere
私立中學和大學在其他地方學費上漲，入學人數下降的時候展示出了非凡的生存和發展能力。 -
Li added that the deployable capital of private corporations and the savings of the public now amounted to four trillion dollars. he suggested that the government adopt the mode of private investment in collaborating with private corporations in implementing large - scale infrastructural developments. in this way, it could make use of existing resources in society to invest in the future and let the future users share the costs
李家祥亦指，目前私人企業可動用資金及市民儲蓄共達四萬億元，建議政府可以透過私人投資方式，與私人企業合作推行大型基建，可借用現有社會資源去投資未來，由將來的享用者負擔成本。 -
But for a range of problems where free riding and public goods aspects militate against the spontaneous development of private organizations, it is important that the social benefits ( and costs ) are clearly known to the polity so that they will be undertaken by government organizations
但是對於一系列問題來說，比如搭便車和公共品，它們會反對私有組織的自發形成，社會收益（和成本）對政黨來說是很明確的，這很重要，那麼他們將由政府組織來承擔。 -
Enterprises under pressure to cut costs - - while simultaneously increasing network capabilities - - can extend the reach of their private networks by linking with public data networks
受到降低成本壓力、同時要求增加網路功能的企業，通過與公共數據網相連，能擴大其專用網的范圍。 -
The bupa care child scheme is specially designed to cover the costs of medical care for children from 15 days to 17 years old with a choice of private room, semi - private room or ward bed
保?兒康健醫療保障計劃特別為出生后15日至17歲的兒童子而設。 -
While economists designing plans may worry about ex ante welfare costs, public or private plan administrators may also worry about ex post regret - the after - the - fact costs of a decision
經濟學家在制訂退休金計劃時，事先福利成本是個難以解決的問題。而對公眾或私人計劃的管理人來說，他們所要操心的還有後悔成本，即在知道結果后的成本。 -
In fact in both state - run and private universities in developed countries, students pay their tuition fees and costs of living mostly by their income through work - study program instead of asking for their parents ' help
例如：實際上，發達國家的國立大學，私立大學決不是讓學生家長承擔所有的學習和生活費用，大部分學習費用和生活費用是靠學生勤工儉學收入來交納的。 -
Virtual private network ( vpn ) provides the enterprise an approach to access the information on vpn traversing internet, which could reduce costs for the enterprise and provide value - added services for dealer of telecom. virtual private dial network ( vpdn ) is used by enterprise and dial users
Vpn為企業用戶提供了一種跨越internet訪問企業私有網路信息的方式，對于企業來講，可以降低成本，對于運營商來講， vpn為其提供增值服務， vpdn是虛擬私有撥號網路，用於撥號接入的用戶或企業。 -
This paper also makes some benchmarking work by studying some companies which succeeded in governance transition, and discusses some steps to reduce the marginal costs of monitoring and controlling, thereby provide a realistic approach to private firms " governance transition
為了獲取管理應用意義，本文對一些成功公司進行了基準化（ benchmarking ）研究，並結合前述分析邏輯探討了降低邊際監控成本的措施，從而為民營企業公司治理轉型提供了一個極具現實意義的分析思路。 -
Everybody in those government departments providing direct service to the public should strive for better performance at lower costs to turn the slogan into a reality. i therefore recommend that the efficiency unit work with the treasury to study the streamlining practices in private enterprises and provide government departments with sound advice and measurable targets so that public services will be more responsible to market situation and give good value for money
本人建議政府的效率促進組，聯同庫務局共同研究及參照商業機構近期所採取的各項精簡成本措施，向有關服務部門提供有效意見和可清楚量度的指標，確保公營的服務質素，能夠跟隨市場實況，保持物有所值。 -
Early e - commerce is the traditional edi method. traditional edi is based on a strict standard set of transaction processing, it uses private network or value added network ( van ), the costs are high and it is difficult to realize cross - platform and cross - system data exchange
早期的電子商務是傳統的edi方式，傳統edi基於嚴格的事務處理的標準集，且利用專網或增值網服務，成本高，難于實現跨平臺跨系統的數據交換。 -
Second, how can the legislative council monitor the investment costs incurred by the private company selected
第二，立法會如何監察政府和與其合作公司的投資成本。 -
A downgraded rating will inevitably have an adverse effect on both the public and private sectors, resulting in higher financing costs. this would lead to a worsening investment environment and a general erosion of the attractiveness of hong kong to foreign investors
如果政府債務評級下調，將會累及本港公營機構和私人企業，推高融資成本，惡化投資環境，削弱香港對外資的吸引力。
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