runoff area 中文意思是什麼
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Estimation of n loss loading by runoff from paddy field during submersed period in hangjiahu area
杭嘉湖地區淹水稻田氮素徑流流失負荷估算 -
The ditches are the first pool of diffuse nutrients from rain runoff and field drainage, and are shaped to a net work in the area of the lower reaches of the changjiang river where the cultivation manner of fields are rotation of rice and wheat. now we have learnt little about the mechanisms of pollutants trasport and transformation in ditch wetlands
長江下游水稻-小麥輪種區溝渠濕地呈網路狀密集分佈，是降雨徑流和農田排水的首要匯聚地，我們對污染物在溝渠濕地中遷移轉化的機理還知之甚少，本文分析了： 1 -
Gully erosion, which is universal on original lands, but also the special forms, for example, hole erosion gravel erosion debris slide and debris flow, which is unusual in loess area, ( 2 ) based on a long - term fixed point experiments in proving ground of the south stackpile, the soil erosion factors have been researched quantitatively, the runoff and erosion affected factors have been made sure and the experiential models of producing water and soil have been taken in newly - constructed stage, early stage and later stage of reclamation
確定南排土場原地貌的水蝕模數為3700 4400t km ~ 2 ? a ；在排土場新造地貌上，擊濺、面蝕、細溝侵蝕、淺溝侵蝕、沉陷侵蝕、砂礫化面蝕、土砂瀉溜和坡面泥石流等水土流失形式出現頻率和發生程度都明顯強于原地貌。 （ 2 ）以南排土場徑流試驗場長期的定位觀測為基礎，對排土場未復墾時期、復墾初期、復墾後期的土壤水蝕影響因子進行定量研究，確定了徑流和土壤水蝕的主要影響因子及其臨界值，建立了產流產沙的經驗模型。 -
The common character is impound and infiltration use of rainfall runoff by changing the plane shape of surface soil. water infiltration area is the area of water use
共同的特點是通過改變地表平面微地形下墊面，就地攔蓄入滲利用降雨徑流，入滲區即為利用區。 -
However, it lacks runoff data in absolutely most areas where culvert and small bridge locate. some traditional design method, such as the methods of statistic zone parameter, modification by catchment area, rainfall - runoff, reasoning formula and empiric equation et al, are used to estimate flood flow through culvert or bridge
然而，絕大多數中小橋涵所在地卻沒有可利用的徑流資料，通常採用統計分區法，面積改正法、暴雨徑流法、推理公式和經驗公式等傳統設計方法，這些方法一般比較繁瑣、精度較低、設計的流量偏大，導致工程造價偏高而浪費資金。 -
It is verified by the observed data of xianing port area in changsha city that the model is of high accuracy, with the greatest relative error of the peak flow of only 7. 85 %, thus can be used in runoff simulation of harbor rainfall drainage system
經長沙市霞凝港區的實測資料檢驗，證明該模型在港區小流域的雨洪分析中有較高的精度，洪峰流量最大相對誤差僅為7 . 85 % ，可用於港區雨水排水的徑流模擬。 -
Identified that the region above minxian station is the key area of runoff - yield 2
確定岷縣站以上流域是洮河的主要產流區。 -
With the same slope gradient and slope length, the soil erosion on the dyke slope caused by the runoff mainly depended on the factors such as the runoff, flow velocity, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, as well as the up - slope drainage area of dyke slope
坡度、坡長一定時，徑流對戧坡的侵蝕主要與徑流量、流速、雨強、降雨歷時，戧坡以上匯聚水量或集水面積有關。 -
The design capacity of the communal drainage system is intended for handling the surface runoff arising from rainstorms, the volume of which is much higher than the volume of wastewater being inappropriately discharged into the drainage system. even though some wastewater may find its way into the communal drains, the drainage system which is serving a large catchment area should be able to handle it without increasing the risk of flooding
公用排水系統的流量設計，是要把大雨所引致的地面徑流收集並排走，其容量及排流量遠遠超過錯誤排入的污水流量，加上集水區的面積廣闊，就算有污水錯誤排入，公用排水系統都足以應付，不會增加水浸的風險。 -
Normally water resources is affected by human activities and climatic change, but it is affected mainly by climatic change in runoff forming regions located in the high and middle mountainous area in the northwestern china. river runoff in the hexi inland arid region all originates from the qilian mt. area and the change of mountainous runoff resulted from global weather warming up and will bring an important effect to the development of society and economy in the hexi region. so the response on mountainous runoff and its changing trends are analyzed on the basis of the measured data of precipitation, air temperature, and discharges observed from some weather and hydrologic stations in the studied area. the results show that seasonal variation of mountainous runoff in the hexi inland region is mainly affected by the river ' s geographical location and supply source, and the yearly change by precipitation and that in the west of the region by air temperature besides precipitation. there are some obviously regional differences in the influences of climatic change on surface runoff in the hexi inland arid region, that is, rivers runoff in the west of the hexi area have been increasing and rivers in the east part have been decreasing, and the rivers runoff in the central part presented slowly increase trend, such as the heihe river, but it is not quite obvious
一般情況下，水資源的變化主要受氣候變化和人類活動的影響，但在位於我國西北內陸乾旱地區的中高山地帶，徑流的形成主要受前者的影響.甘肅省的河西內陸乾旱區是該省重要的工農業生產和經濟開發區，這里各項社會和經濟活動與出山徑流的變化都有著十分密切的關系.因此，筆者根據有關水文氣象臺站的降水、氣溫和徑流觀測資料，分析了以黑河、昌馬河、西營河等主要河流為代表的河西內陸區出山徑流的變化特徵與規律.結果表明，河西內陸區出山口徑流的季節變化主要受地理位置和河流補給來源的影響，而年際變幅則受山區降水量年際變化及變幅的影響十分明顯.目前，梨園河以西河流水量處于上升階段，梨園河以東的河流則處于下降的階段;以黑河幹流鶯落峽水文站年徑流為代表的走廊中部地區的出山口徑流正處於1990年開始的枯水段的上升段.但總體而言，河西內陸乾旱區出山口徑流的變化相對比較穩定.預計今後若干年內，河西內陸乾旱區東段河流出山口徑流的變化以偏枯為主，中段、西段河流出山口徑流的變化以平水或平水偏豐為主 -
Because this runoff emanates from a wide area rather than a single source, it is classified as nonpoint source pollution
又因為暴雨逕流來自廣大的地區，非單一來源，所以歸類為非點源污染。 -
The analyzed results are as follows : the late 1960 ' s cutoff of riverbends increased both the runoff amount and the sediment transport amount of the lower reach of jingjiang river, while the sediment deposition decreased in the lkngting lake area ; after the mid 1980 ' s, both the middle reach of yangtze river main stem and the dongting lake occurred a trend of decreasing annual sediment transport as a result of decreasing sediment releasing from the upper reach of yangtze river ; and in the recent 3 years ( 2003 - 2006 ), the three gorges reservoir first impoundment additionally reduced the sediment concentration in the middle reach of yangtze river flow with a long time, so a distance would be quite long for suspended sediment recovery, but the distance for bed - material load of suspended sediment recovery would be quite short
分析結果表明： 20世紀60年代下荊江裁彎后，三口（松滋口、太平口、藕池口）分流分沙減少，下荊江徑流量和輸沙量相應增加，洞庭湖泥沙淤積減少； 80年代中期以後，長江中游幹流及洞庭湖出口的年輸沙量呈減少趨勢，城陵磯至武漢河段河床由淤積轉為趨向沖淤平衡；三峽工程初期蓄水運用后，長江中游含沙量沿程恢復距離較長，但床沙質部分恢復距離相對較短。 -
Analysis of water and sediment materials from main hydro - stations in the upper reaches of the yellow river in qinghai province showed that, the area in the upper reaches of the yellow river was only 23. 4 % of the total yellow river basin, while its runoff was 47. 5 %, and sediment yield was only 3. 86 % of that of the whole basin, so it was a major area of water production and supply
利用青海境內黃河上游主要水文測站的資料，對境內水沙來源及組成進行了分析，認為該區面積只佔黃河流域面積的23 . 4 ，而徑流量佔47 . 5 ，輸沙量只佔3 . 86 ，是黃河的主要產流區和水量供給地之一。 -
Phase i : 1950s 1980s. in this phase, humans ’ limited cognition of nature laws, increasing demands caused by population explosion and unreasonable utilization of natural resources lead to the sharp decrease of runoff volume and shrink of the lake area. the ebinur lake area change converses from the condition subordinate to nature to human activity
即第一階段: 20世紀50 80年代末，此階段由於人類對自然規律認識的局限性，以及人口增長造成的需求增長，不合理利用水土等自然資源，導致入湖水量劇減，艾比湖呈現急劇縮小的趨勢，湖面變化從受控于自然條件向受控於人類活動方向轉變。 -
The research is funded by the national natural science fund project titled integration and systematization of mathematic models for soil and water resources study in a basin and its application ( sanction number : 40071043 ). supported by gis ( geographical information system ) and remote sensing technology, it has carried on computer simulation of chemical runoff in the study area of lianshui basin, xingguo county, jiangxi province, using swat ( soil and water assessment tool ) model developed by ars ( agricultural research service ) of usda ( united states department of agriculture )
本文在國家自然科學基金項目「流域土壤和水資源模擬模型的集成和系統化及其應用」 （批準號： 40071043 ）的資助下，選擇了美國農業部農業研究所開發的swat （ soilandwaterassessmenttool ）模型，在gis和遙感技術的輔助下，在江西瀲水河流域進行了化學徑流的計算機模擬研究。 -
The parameter in the xin ' anjiang model, imp, was extracted directly from above land use / cover data. another parameter, sm, in each subcachment and in each raster grid was obtained from the relation between sm and the ratio of forest land area to subcatchment area. thus, a semi - distributed hydrological model and a distributed hydrological model were established to analyze the effect of some parameters in xin ' anjiang on runoff process according to the spatial variability of land surface characteristics
將遙感技術獲取的土地利用和地表覆蓋一公里柵格信息與數字高程模型數據進行空間配準，然後通過構建林地面積比與新安江模型參數sm的關系間接確定各子流域及各柵格單元的的sm值，新安江模型參數imp由配準好的土地利用和地表覆蓋信息直接提取，由此建立方案與方案，來分析受下墊面覆蓋的空間不均勻性影響的模型部分參數是如何對模擬水文過程產生影響的。 -
To study the effects of preferential flow on infiltrated flow and surface runoff in the granite area of the three gorges, yangtze river, china, a soil profile that is not seriously disturbed by human activities was selected in the quxi watershed of the area as a field experimental site
摘要為研究長江三峽花崗巖地區優先流對滲流和地表徑流的影響，以長江三峽地區曲溪小流域作為試驗用地，選擇適當的土壤剖面作為觀測剖面。 -
Based on theory of water travel in catchment and reasoning formula, a new calculation model for flood flow design of culvert and small bridge in sichuan hilly area where is no runoff data is derived in the paper
因此，本文以著名的流域匯流公式為主，引入推理公式的思想，進行合理的概化導出了適合於四川丘陵地區無徑流資料的中小橋涵設計洪水計算的新模型。 -
This article will mainly introduce, analyze endangering characterstices of karst and the investigating methods in recharge area, runoff area, drainage area through engineering examples
本文結合典型工程實例分別介紹了巖溶補給區，徑流區和排泄區的地質危害特點、類型及相應的勘察方法。 -
As to the hydrological characteristics of the basin, the last conclusion comes from that no matter which catchment, tao or tangnihai basin, there are significant differences in rainfall and runoff between upstream and downsteam. for tao river basin, the key runoff area located at mianxian and upward region, and maque and upwards for tangnihai basin
（ 9 ）挑河流域和唐乃亥流域內不論是降水還是下墊面條件，上下游都存在著明顯的差異，這種差異在挑河流域以崛縣站為分界，確定崛縣站以上流域是挑河的主要產流區;在唐乃亥流域以瑪曲站為分界，確定瑪曲站以上流域是唐乃亥的主要產流區。
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