sea carriage 中文意思是什麼
sea carriage
解釋
海洋運輸-
This thesis is planed to analyze and demonstrate this obligation in detail, and tries to clarify the issues below : 1, the differences in the obligation standards among the carrier, the common carrier and the bailee, and the differences in the obligation standards between care of cargo and making the ship seaworthy ; 2, combined with the cases and shipping practice, solving the problems which is produced in fulfilling the obligation ; 3, with the principle of law, analyzing the character of the responsibility which should assume when the care of cargo obligation is breached ; 4, introducing the provisions about care o f cargo obligation in preliminary draft instrument on the carriage of goods by sea and expressing my opinions
本文擬對這一義務進行詳細的分析和論證，試圖闡明以下幾個方面的問題： 1 、承運人管貨義務所要求的「妥善和謹慎」的標準與公共承運人、託管人管貨義務的標準的區別，與承運人適航義務的標準「克盡職責」的區別； 2 、結合有關案例和航運實務，分析該條文字面所表述的管貨義務的各個環節在實際運用中的相關問題； 3 、從法理的角度分析違反管貨義務所應承擔的責任的性質； 4 、介紹正在制訂的《海上貨物運輸法》 （草案）中關于承運人管貨義務的規定，並提出自己的意見。 -
The determinative principle to carrier ' s liability is the most attractive content in carrier ' s liability system in carriage of goods by sea
摘要海上承運人的責任制度中，最為引人注目的內容當屬海上承運人責任的歸責原則。 -
According to china ' s maritime code, the liabiiity of breaching a contract of carriage of goods by sea is determined by whether the breaching party has f8ult or not, while it aiso stipuiates in articie 51 that ; " the carrier shaii not be iiable for the loss of or damage to the goods occurred during the period of carrier ' s responsibility arising or resulting from any of the foiiowing causes ( ( 1 ) fault of the mastef, crew members, pilot or servant of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship "
我國海商法在海上貨物運輸方面的承運人違約責任之歸責採取過錯責任原則，但因其在第51條又規定「船長、船員、引航員或者承運人的其他受僱人在駕駛船舶或管理船舶中的過失」承運人不負賠償責任。因為這一點，海商法學界稱之為不完全過失責任制。 -
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, where a contract of carriage by sea provides explicitly that a specified part of the carriage covered by the said contract is to be performed by a named actual carrier other than the carrier, the contract may nevertheless provide that the carrier shall not be liable for the loss, damage or delay in delivery arising from an occurrence which takes place while the goods are in the charge of the actual carrier during such part of the carriage
雖有前款規定，在海上運輸合同中明確約定合同所包括的特定的部分運輸由承運人以外的指定的實際承運人履行的，合同可以同時約定，貨物在指定的實際承運人掌管期間發生的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付，承運人不負賠償責任。 -
Especially while short carriage by the sea increases in number and the speed of the ship accelerates, the carriage under charter - party is more and more ; some questions about charter - party have arisen
特別是隨著短航次的增多和船舶速度的提高，航次租約下的運輸也隨之增多，有關航次租約的問題也日益增多。 -
To take up nautical course and control sea carriage, countries often dissent from each other
各國為占領海上航線、控制海上運輸而不斷發生糾紛。 -
If parties to a contract do not expressly or impliedly choose the applicable law, the proper law for the contract should be constructed through the rule of closest connection. this paper states the proper law for various kinds of contracts of carriage of goods by sea based on the rule of closest connection
但上述所講的是通常情況下的法律選擇原則，如果從整體情況看，運輸合同與另一個國家的關系更為密切，則前面所確定的一般推定準據法不予適用，而應適用與合同有更密切聯系的國家的法律。 -
Cmi has been endeavoring the international unification of the law relating to carrier ' s liability system arising out of the carriage of goods by sea since 1907. the hague rules which was adopted in 1924 started the beginning of the unification of carrier ' s liability system
自1907年以來， cmi就一直致力於海上貨物運輸法承運人責任制度的國際統一，並於1924年制定了海牙規則，開創了承運人責任制度統一的先河，隨著1968年修訂海牙規則維斯比議定書的通過，統一的程度有所降低。 -
Having this in mind, researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law. meanwhile, taking into account the specialties of shipping law, this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules, hague - visby rules, hamburg rules, draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ), china maritime code and china contract act 2000
有鑒於此，本論文對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的研究是建立在對一般民事舉證責任分析的基礎上，結合海商法特點，重點對《海牙規則》 、 《海牙威斯比規則》 、 《漢堡規則》 、美國1999年海上貨物運輸法草案以及我國《合同法》 、 《海商法》對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的規定做了具體的比較和分析。 -
Shipper is an important party among contract of carriage of goods by sea
在海上運輸合同中，托運人是一個十分重要的主體。 -
In different legal system, that is distinct. ship owner, ship manager and shipping agent, taking part in the transport trade, always affect finding the carrier. in many countries, " carrier " means any person by whom or in whose name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a shipper
不同法律制度下， 「承運人」的定義有所區別： 《海牙規則》把承運人限定為與托運人訂有海上運輸契約的船舶所有人和承租人； 《漢堡規則》及包括我國在內的多數國家把承運人定義為與托運人訂有海上運輸契約的任何人。 -
Article 2 " maritime transport " as referred to in this code means the carriage of goods and passengers by sea, including the sea - river and river - sea direct transport
第二條本法所稱海上運輸，是指海上貨物運輸和海上旅客運輸，包括海江之間、江海之間的直達運輸。 -
Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, the seller must render the buyer at the latter s request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of carriage for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non ? negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document
除非前項所述單據是運輸單據，否則，應買方要求並由其承擔風險和費用，賣方必須給予買方一切協助，以取得有關運輸合同的運輸單據如可轉讓提單不可轉讓海運單內河運輸單據空運單鐵路托運單公路托運單或多式聯運單據。 -
Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law
第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。 -
In practice of carriage of goods by sea, the individuai shipper is the consumer of service, beiongs to a weak social group, so that the party who needs protection by the iaw shaii be the shipper but not the carriel howevef
在海上貨物運輸中，廣大的貨物托運人是「消費者」 ，屬於弱勢群體，應當受到法律的保護。但現存的航海過失免責，卻與此相背，不能不令人遺憾。 -
However, the carrier shall be bound to prove that he has fulfilled the special requirements of the shipper with regard to the carriage of the live animals and that under the circumstances of the sea carriage, the loss or damage has occurred due to the special risks inherent therein
但是，承運人應當證明業已履行托運人關于運輸活動物特別要求，並證明根據實際情況，滅失或者損害是由於此種固有的特殊風險造成的。 -
By now, china has developed so many industrial departments such as sea carriage, marine - lives - catching, oceanic mine resource
到目前為止，已形成了海上運輸、水產捕撈、海洋礦產資源開發等許多產業部門。 -
And sea carriage must be connected with vessels that are regarded as tools of transportation
談到海上運輸，又離不開作為運輸工具的船舶。 -
Not only the industry but also the development of onland economy must be connected with sea carriage
但不論是哪種產業，都離不開海上運輸，即使是陸上經濟的發展也離不開海上運輸業的發展。 -
Article 102 a multimodal transport contract as referred to in this code means a contract under which the multimodal transport operator undertakes to transport the goods, against the payment of freight for the entire transport, from the place where the goods were received in his charge to the destination and to deliver them to the consignee by two or more different modes of transport, one of which being sea carriage
第一百零二條本法所稱多式聯運合同，是指多式聯運經營人以兩種以上的不同運輸方式，其中一種是海上運輸方式，負責將貨物從接收地運至目的地交收貨人，並收取全程運費的合同。
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