underlying costs 中文意思是什麼

underlying costs 解釋
基本成本
  • underlying : adj. 1. 在下的，下層的。2. 基礎的。3. 隱晦的；潛在的。4. 【法律】（債券）優先的；【經濟學】第一的，（擔保、權利等）主要的。
  • costs : 訟費
  1. Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate

    對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。
  2. Prices keep the economy running smoothly by adjusting to reflect demand and the underlying costs of production

    價格之所以能夠保持經濟平穩運行，是因為它會做出調整，以反映需求和潛在的生產成本。
  3. Any ongoing strategy enhancements or changes to the underlying fund manager line - up are made by russell or bea at no additional cost to investors. this greatly reduces investors accumulated costs of acquiring and realizing conventional funds should they initiate their own switches because of unsatisfactory performance

    或東亞銀行更改任何策略，或轉換相關基金經理隊伍以提升表現時，均不會收取額外費用，因此投資者可省卻因表現欠缺理想而須轉換基金經理時的資產轉移費用。
  4. Among the underlying reasons for the crucial role of policy are the dearth of knowledge by manufacturers and the public about efficiency options, budgeting methods that do not take proper account of the ongoing benefits of long - lasting investments, and market imperfections such as external costs for carbon emissions and other costs of energy use

    政策之所以成為決定性的因素，背後的理由包括：製造商缺乏相關知識，大眾便缺乏節能的選擇；還有，在預算編列上並未考量長期投資的后續利益，而市場也不完備，例如碳排放的額外成本以及使用其他能源的花費。
  5. Option pricing about underlying asset pricing process by mixed process with transaction costs

    有交易成本的標的資產服從混合過程的期權定價
  6. The competitiveness of china is based on broader structural factors including underlying factor costs, market leadership and the trade policies of major importers

    中國的競爭力以若干較廣泛的結構因素為基礎，例如基本因素成本、市場領導地位，以及主要入口者的貿易政策。
  7. Trading equities in emerging markets involve additional risk and costs other than the underlying price movements and commissions. in deciding whether or not you will become involved in that kind of trading you should be aware of the currency risk and the foreign exchange cost associated

    在決定是否參與買賣新興市場的股票時，除要注意股票價格上落和傭金成本的風險外，貨幣兌換及外匯風險亦應是其考慮之因素。
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