契約效力 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [qìyāoxiàolì]
契約效力
英文
validity of contract-
A promise obtained by force is legally null.
一個以武力獲得的契約在法律上是無效的。And the litigation contract is exactly the choice of the procedure ' s subjects toward common benefits in adversary procedure ; anymore, litigation contract is expected to be achievable at the goals of individual, nation, society, but the limitation of reasonable man and the contradiction of benefits causes the disappearance of some litigation contracts " legal effects, therefore, the " legal " principal, promoting and supervision of judge is the necessary guarantee
但是理性人的局限以及利益之間的沖突，又可能導致訴訟契約喪失合法的效力，因此，合「法」性原則與法官的監督作用又是訴訟契約正當化的必要保證。對訴訟契約的理念、制度在我國的實現，我國的現實條件既有有利的一面，也有許多制約因素。The paper analyzes comparatively interior transaction cost of integrated model with analysis structure of r. h. coase and market transaction cost of market model according to bargain proceeding ; analyzing economy of scales for electricity industry on the terms of its definition coming up with an improved " survival of the fittest " method to find optimum economic scale and explaining " separation of power plant from electric network " with the view of vertical economy ; studying selection and realization for valid competition of electricity industry with theory of contestable market, while setting up a oligarch monopoly competition model for the electricity market based on tax control of government with the thought of dynamic game theory of
應用科斯的交易成本分析框架對一體化管理模式下的內部交易成本進行分析，按照契約過程對市場化模式下的市場交易成本進行分析，並作了相應比較；按照規模經濟的定義對電力產業的規模經濟性進行了分析，提出改進的"適者生存法"來確定電力產業的最優經濟規模，並運用縱向經濟的觀點解釋"廠網分開" ；應用可競爭性理論研究了電力產業的有效競爭方式的選擇和實現，同時借鑒stackelberg模型的動態博弈思想，構建了基於政府稅收調控的電力市場寡頭壟斷競爭模型，通過對模型的分析說明了市場結構的演化和政府管制的必要性。Agreement are carried out in a timely manner, and in particular （ but not in derogation of the generality of the foregoing ）, that any meeting of the board and every general meeting of the company has the necessary quorum throughout and is conducted in accordance with the provisions of this agreement, and shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if necessary, to execute and do all such further acts, deeds, assurances and things as may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditions of this agreement
各股東應應其具有的與公司相關的所有表決權和其他控制權，以保證（就通過行使該等權利和權力可以保證而言）在本協議期限內任何時候，關于公司結構和組織的規定和本協議規定的公司事務的管理規則得到遵守並具有完全的效力，本協議項下要求股東採取的一切行動均已及時採取，告別是（但不得損害前述一般性原則）公司的任何董事會會議和每一次股東大會自始至終達到必需的法定人數，且根據本協議的規定召開，而且應簽署和執行，並在必要時保證所有其他第三方簽署和進行可能合理要求的一切進一步行動、契約、保證和事宜，以使本協議的條款和條件可以具有完全的效力。（ a ） each of the shareholders shall exercise all voting rights and other powers of control available to it in relation to the company so as to procure （ so far as it is able by the exercise of such rights and powers ） that at all times during the term of this agreement, the provisio concerning the structure and organisation of the company, and the regulation of its affairs set out in this agreement, are duly o erved and given full force and effect, and all actio reserved and given full force and effect, and all actio required of the shareholders under this agreement are carried out in a timely ma er, and in particular （ but not in derogation of the generality of the foregoing ）, that any meeting of the board and every general meeting of the company has the nece ary quorum throughout and is conducted in accordance with the provisio of this agreement, and shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if nece ary, to execute and do all such further acts, deeds, a urances and things as may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditio of this agreement
各股東應應其具有的與公司相關的所有表決權和其他控制權，以保證（就通過行使該等權利和權力可以保證而言）在本協議期限內任何時候，關于公司結構和組織的規定和本協議規定的公司事務的管理規則得到遵守並具有完全的效力，本協議項下要求股東採取的一切行動均已及時採取，告別是（但不得損害前述一般性原則）公司的任何董事會會議和每一次股東大會自始至終達到必需的法定人數，且根據本協議的規定召開，而且應簽署和執行，並在必要時保證所有其他第三方簽署和進行可能合理要求的一切進一步行動、契約、保證和事宜，以使本協議的條款和條件可以具有完全的效力。An agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law
合同，契約兩個或兩個以上當事人之間達成的一種協議，尤指具有法律效力的書面協議Something promised, given, or done that has the effect of making an agreement a legally enforceable contract
對價，承諾被允諾、提供或做成的事物，它能使一項協議成為具有法律效力的契約Our nation is transforming from traditional agriculture society to modern industry society and it ' s traditional institutions need change, too. under planned economy system. unit system of higher education was set after 1952. in condition of the system of market economy, unit system of higher education has n ' t fit the need of universities and social development, so it must be transferred to contract system of higher education. which suits to the system of marketable economy. thus this will largen universities " scale. increase it ' s quality and benefit moderization of higher education and society
其中， 1952年以後的「高教單位制」是在計劃體制之下形成的一種高教制度設置。在新時期的市場經濟條件下，高教單位制已不適應高校和社會的發展要求，因而要對其進行變遷。繼而要建立全范圍的與市場經濟相吻合的高教契約制，使高校的規模、質量、效益得到擴大和提高，實現高教現代化，從而致力於社會現代化。Finally, perfecting stranger by contract is created. but a new rule will change tradition
七，到此，契約對第三人保護效力也就水到渠成了。Thirdly, on the basis of contract doctrine, the paper holds high - class advertisement to offer a reward is in validity to be determined before the definition of assessment consequence ; advertisement to offer a reward for lost property shall be fixed its legal validity after founder performs his informative obligation of public summons, obligation of report and obligation of storage ; other kinds of advertisements to offer a reward shall be in force upon its announcement if no special circumstances
再次，以契約說為基礎，認為優等懸賞廣告在優等者評定結果未明確之前其效力待定；遺失物懸賞廣告在拾得人履行了公示告知義務、報告義務和保管義務后應認定其法律效力；其它類懸賞廣告如無特殊情形發布后即為有效。The topic of this paper is about the legal problem on the third party infringes the creditor ' s right. we should know that the research on that item is not only a supplement of the legal practice but also a deeply ponderation on the theory about the creditor ' s relatively right. with the theory of the contract for the third party ' s benefit and etc., it raises a movement on expanding the force of contract and protecting the creditor ' s right
我們應該認識到對第三人侵害債權制度的研究決不僅僅只具有實踐上拾遺補缺的作用，而是對傳統民法中相對權理論和合同相對性原則的全面反思，尤其是在把第三人侵害債權作為「制度」來研究的情況下則更是如此，而且在這個反思的過程中絕不是第三人侵害債權制度在孤軍作戰，它和債權物權化、為第三人利益合同、債的保全等等諸多理論一起掀起了擴張契約效力和保護債權的運動。Surveying the theories and practice all over the world, the countries such as german insist on contract responsibility according to providing contract by silent information and protecting the third party. however, america and england tend to infringement responsibility, because they think there is n ' t strict contract relations between accounting and the third party, and cpa against the liability stipulated in advance. the third party can be devided to the direct third party, the predicted third party and the third party which can be predicted reasonably
縱觀世界各國學說與實踐，德國等大陸法系國家一般主張為契約責任，這主要是以默示的信息提供契約，具保護第三人效力的契約，契約締結上的過失等理由為依據；而英美法系國家，判例和學說趨向降旗認定為一種侵權責任，因為會計師與第三人之間並無嚴格意義上的契約關系，雖然對注冊會計師而言，第三人具有合理的可被預見性，但第三人畢竟是不確定的多數人，因而會計師違反的是法律事先規定的義務，侵犯的是一般公民的權利，是絕對權，只能依侵權行為的責任構成追究責任。The deed filing system may regulate that when the parties reach the agreement and make the deed, the effect of the changing of the right of the property occurs, and the filing is not necessary
契據登記制度規定當事人之間意思一致，訂立契約，就可以發生物權變動的效力，並不以登記為生效要件，即實行物權變動的意思主義。This paper describes and considers explanations of improvement in corporate governance and transfer of state - owned shares in the chinese stock market. corporate governance in china serves to resolve the problem of asymmetric information in managing firms. it is a property rights contract to match the residual claims and residual rights of control
公司治理，是伴隨著現代公司所有權與控制權相分離而產生的一整套契約制度，它通過合理配置剩餘索取權與控制權，形成科學的激勵機制和相互權力制衡機制，從而協調利益相關者- -股東、債權人、經營者和職工之間的責權利關系，旨在達到降低代理成本和提高公司運營效率的目的。The third partition : the theory basis about perfecting stranger by contract law in the partition, author firstly research honest and credit, just that honest and credit is suitable cordially in the theory and trial, people analyse contract ' s duty again
第三部分，契約對第三服護效力的理論基礎在這一部分，筆者順信原則入手。正是由於誠信原則的靈活應用，才導馴門對契約責任的重新再認識，使附隨義務的觀念深入人。Firstly, this chapter carries out systematic analysis of the origin of the thought of the human capital theory and the research clue ; secondly, this chapter comments the following seven representative opinions of the enterprise nature : production theory, contract theory, human capital theory, game theory, capability theory, knowledge theory and value balance theory ; thirdly, this chapter reviews the theory of " capital employing labor ", the theory of " labor employing capital " and the theory of the share of the ownership of enterprises ; fourthly, this chapter makes comments on the external theory of the difference of the performance of enterprises, the internal theory of the difference of the performance of enterprises ( including contract theory and capability theory )
一是對人力資本理論的思想淵源與研究主線進行系統梳理，二是對企業性質的生產論、契約論、人力資本論、博弈論、能力論、知識論、價值均衡論等七種有代表性的觀點進行評述，三是對「資本雇傭勞動」理論、 「勞動雇傭資本」理論和企業所有權共享理論進行評述，四是對企業績效差異根源外生論和企業績效差異根源內生論（包括契約論與能力論）進行評述。It has the important meaning for working for more and better economic results and realizing enterprise value maximization that how to improve contract, establish the system perfectly, normalize the behavior between owner and manager, prevent manager from adverse selection and moral risk, raise manager ' s ability and activity, reduce the proxy cost and so on
因此，如何完善契約、建立健全相關機制、規范所有者和經營者的行為、防止經營者的「逆向選擇」和所有者與經營者的「道德風險」 、提高經營者能力和激發經營者的經營積極性、降低代理成本等對提高企業經濟效益、實現企業價值最大化具有重要意義。Aiming at the problems in the process of virtual operating, the dissertation provides chengdu c company a systemic and comprehensive tactics, and the concrete methods in terms of establishing the information platform, reconstructing the organization structure, renewing the operation notion, establishing the advantage capability, identifying the market opportunities, selecting the partners, choosing the virtual operating mode, concluding the agreement, virtual operation, allocating the profit, achievement evaluation
本文針對作為中小企業的成都c公司在開展虛擬經營合作的過程中出現的問題，提出了系統全面的虛擬經營的合作策略。對成都c公司構建信息平臺、組織結構變革、更新經營理念、確立優勢能力、市場機遇識別、選擇合作夥伴、選擇虛擬經營方式、訂立合作契約、實施虛擬運作、利益分配和績效評估的全過程的虛擬經營的合作策略，提出具體的方法。Chapter one mainly formulates whether the nature of sailing date notice is quotation or invitation to quotation, whether booking is confirmation or quotation based on that the process of concluding a contract in the " law on contracts ", i. e., quotation and confirmation enlightens the marine transportation contract conclusion ; through analyzing the process of concluding liner transportation contract and voyage chartering contract, tries to find out the concluding rules to marine goods transportation contract so as to supply theoretical and legal evidences to better understand the effect of concluding marine transportation contract ; determines the contractual rights and obligations of both parties in the marine goods transportation contract through analyzing the rescission and suspension of marine goods transportation contract
第一章從《合同法》中關于合同訂立過程（即要約與承諾）對海上貨物運輸合同訂立的啟示，主要論述船期公告的性質是要約還是要約邀請，訂艙是承諾還是要約，通過對班輪運輸合同和航次租船合同訂立過程的分析，試圖找出海上貨物運輸合同的訂立規則，為更好地理解海上貨物運輸合同成立的效力提供理論和法律依據。通過對海上貨物運輸合同解除和中止的分析，來確定海上貨物運輸合同中合同雙方的契約權利和義務。By drawing essence from limited partnership contract, we can reconstruct and improve incorporated company contract in china ; the fourth, when compared with debt contract or common stock contract, convertible preferred stock contract is the best choice for our investing stage contract, because it is better to alleviate asymmetric information and lower agency cost effectively in the process of venture capital investment. but it is very possible that common stock contract would still be used widely in a certain long time because convertible preferred stock contract suffers law restriction and many other limitations in china ; the fifth, staged investment, combinative investment and united investment are recommended strongly in this paper
但由於可轉換優先股契約在我國受到諸多限制，普通股契約在一定時期內仍將居於主導地位；第五，分段投資、組合投資、聯合投資（投資辛迪加）可較好地適應風險投資過程中的不確定性、有效降低投資風險，應積極借鑒；第六，人力資本不確定性的存在是可轉換優先股、分段投資在契約條款中頻頻出現的內在原因；第七，信譽機制在風險投資過程中具有自動履約功能；第八，促進投資主體與產權結構多元化、轉換政府職能、完善法律法規、培育經理市場、健全社會信用體系、充分發揮信譽的自動履約功能是保障我國風險投資契約順利履行的關鍵。分享友人