民主制度化 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [mínzhǔzhìdùhuà]
民主制度化
英文
institutionalize democracy-
For the especial political regime in our nation avianizes the rural fiscal system of inward function, which induce phenomena as follows, during producing or providing public products as the deputy of rural residents ( mostly, peasantry ), whose are the village and town governments and their superior governments ( from the clientage aspect ). not only the substitutive costs from the village and town governments represent their revenue and expenditure, and that from superior governments transfer to it by the stimulant mode of them and their superior governments, but also the governments show the substitutive costs from their superior governments transferring as the form of the rural expenditure, which will increase their revenue and expenditure. it is village and town indebtedness of inherent mechanism
由於我國特殊的政治體制弱化了農村財政體制應有的功能，致使作為鄉鎮居民（主要為農民）代理人的鄉鎮政府及上級政府（從委託? ?代理關系的角度看）在生產或提供農村公共品時會產生以下現象：不僅鄉鎮政府產生的代理成本表現為鄉鎮支出，上級政府產生的代理成本會通過上級政府與鄉鎮政府激勵相容的方式而層層轉嫁給鄉鎮政府，而且鄉鎮政府有著將上級政府所轉嫁的代理成本進一步以鄉鎮支出的形式表現出來的激勵，從而加大了鄉鎮支出，這是鄉鎮負債產生的內在機理。From the perspectives of institutional change, the dissertation classifies the whole enlargement process into three distinct stages, evolving from an initial government - dominated initiative close - up stage to a parliament - dominated compulsory close - up stage and finally to a populace - dominated ideological close - up stage. it also probes into the ways in which eu wield both incentive " carrots " and punitive " sticks " " to promote the europeanization transformation of the ceecs " domestic institutions, as well as the approaches used by the ceecs to participate in shaping future eu institutions and to promote institutional interactions
本文從制度變遷的角度將歐盟東擴歷程劃分為「主動靠攏?政府主導階段」 、 「強制靠攏?議會主導階段」和「觀念靠攏?民眾主導階段」 ，並分析了歐盟交替使用激勵政策與制約手段雙管齊下推動中東歐國內制度歐洲化轉軌、中東歐新成員國利用入盟契機參與歐盟未來制度重構、促成制度互動的規律及特點。On the base of the general principle in the civil law such as equality, voluntary, justness, trust, and none - abuse right, the main relieve means are compensation of property damage and adopt the other responsible approach. we improve the law system of personality right from consummating the right of name and portrait, agreement with the transfer of the part personality right, to regulating the relative heritance of the relative personality right in china
在遵循平等、自願、公平、誠信和權利不得濫用等民法基本原則的基礎上，對侵害人格權商品化的救濟方式應以財產損害賠償為主、兼采其他責任方式，並從完善姓名權、肖像權等人格權制度，承認部分人格權的可轉讓性，規定有關人格權的相對可繼承性等方面完善中國的人格權法律制度。Maybe democracy isn't for the industrial age.
也許民主制度不適應這個工業化時代。The relation between country and society will seem towering, inharmonious, and they can not benignly stir each other. and also being unable to fix respective jurisdiction and responsibility in a clear limit, not only the choice and assignment system, the authority and the responsibility by masters in the inne
而無法清晰界定各自權限、責任，則不但選任制度、體制內主體所掌握的權力與所負公共責任可能異化，而且會導致兩種現象：其一，鄉民對國家義務的責任模糊；其二，體制內主體越過自己權限侵犯鄉民正當權益，損害其福利，也損害黨和政府政治合法性基礎。We believe that our democratic system institutionalizes those values.
我們認為，我們的民主制度已使這些價值標準得以制度化。This paper, takes rli as an object of study, takes property rights relationship and management relationship of rural land as a main clue, takes raising the management benefit into full play of rural land and ensuring rural land sustainable utilization as objective, uses the theory of western institution economics and market economics for reference, adopts the method of study of combining macro analysis with microanalysis and combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, reviews systematically the developing process of rli in china since the founding of our country and the developing tendency of rli in the world, summarizes the influence law of rli to rural land management benefit, analyses the innovative mechanis m. institutive achievement and being faced with difficult position and gauntlet of the present rli in china, and defines the objective and following principles of rli innovation proceeding from the actual conditions of our country. on the basis of these, constructs the innovative models by stages of rural land property rights institution and management institution, which accords with the market economic law and the law by stages of rural economic developing levels and gives consideration to efficiency and fair
本文以農村土地制度為研究對象，以農村土地的產權關系和經營關系為主線，以農村經濟發展水平（包括農村生產力發展水平和農村工業化、城鎮化水平）和農民的承受能力為依據，以最大限度地提高農地經營效益、確保農地資源的可持續利用為目的，借鑒西方新制度經濟學理論和市場經濟理論，採用宏觀分析與微觀分析、定量分析與定性分析、規范研究與實證研究相結合的研究方法，系統地回顧了建國后我國農地制度的演變過程及世界農地制度的演變趨勢，總結了農地制度對農地經營效益的影響規律，分析了我國現行的家庭承包經營責任制的創新機理、制度績效及其面臨的困境與挑戰，並從我國的實際出發，確定了農地制度創新的目標及應遵循的原則，在此基礎上構建符了符合市場經濟規律和農村經濟發展水平的階段性規律、兼顧效率和社會公平的階段性農地產權制度創新模式及其對應的經營制度創新模式。This part is set up for analyzing systematically the relationship between rli and rural economic development, summarizing the influence law of rli to rural land management benefit, analyzing the innovative mechanism, institutive achievement and difficult position and gauntlet of the present rli in china so as to lay a practical foundation for the innovation design of rli. the third part from chapter 6 to chapter 8 is innovation. in this part, the binding factors, innovative objective and basically guiding ideology of present rli innovation have been analyzed first, then according to the basically theory that relations of production must be suited to productive forces and the basically demands of socialist market economic system, in the light of peasant ' s receptive level and receptive capacity, the innovative model by stages of rural land property rights has been made, finally, the relationship between family farming and farming in scale has been analyzed, the latent profit and its binding factors of present family farming have been expounded, the concrete measures of perfecting family farming institution and pushing on the farming in scale have been put forward
第六章根據制度創新理論和市場經濟理論，結合我國國情，論述了現階段我國農地制度創新的制約因素、創新的目標及基本指導原則，確定了我國農地制度創新的方式；第七章根據生產關系必須適應生產力發展水平的馬克思主義基本原理和建立社會主義市場經濟體制的要求，結合我國現代化建設分「三步」走的戰略目標及農民的接受程度和能力，認為我國未來的農地制中文摘要度不應該拘泥於某一固定模式，而應該建立在系統連貫性的動態優化組合和階段性漸進演化的基本格局之中，並構建了我國農地產權制度的階段性創新模式:第八章通過對農業生產的特點和家庭經營的優勢分析，結合發達國家農業發展的經驗，提出了家庭經營是我國21世紀農地經營的最佳組織形式的結論;論述了農業家庭經營與農地規模經營的關系，分析了現階段我國農業家庭經營的潛在收益及其實現的制約因素，進而提出了完善農業家庭經營制度和推進農地適度規模經營的具體措施。It implies that apart from the apparent culture of autocracy as political system russia was holding a hidden culture of anti - autocracy as academic thought, including ethical anarchism, national cosmopolitism and organic individualism, developed from the core idea of intercommunity, which composed a strong spiritual power supporting the soviet scientists to resist the planned science
與傳統看法相反，本文認為俄羅斯除了作為政治制度文化的專制主義顯文化外，還存在大量深厚的作為學術思想文化的反專制主義潛文化，它包括：倫理無政府主義、民族世界主義和有機個人主義。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。Finally, the paper gives some beneficial imaginations on institutions of converting collective land to state land through market. i think it is meaningful because such institutions devising can enlarge social welfare matching the behalf of the country and the people, and it is a necessary ways and tendency for converting collective land to state land
本文主要以馬克思的產權分離理論為基礎，對集體土地向城市用地轉換市場化制度建設做一些有益的構想，筆者認為這種探索是有意義的，因為這種市場化制度的安排增進了社會福利，符合國家和人民的利益，是今後集體土地向城市用地轉換的趨勢和必要手段之一。However, the gap between the vetch and the poor in our country will not lead to polarization as : first, the socialist system wiped out the foundation for polarization in production relations second, we allow and encourage some people to get rich first, but it does n ' t mean that we encourage people to get rich through illegal ways ; third, to be rich first is not the final goal while common prosperity should be the final goal of socialism
稅收執法漏洞多，稅收手段落後。但是，我國目前的貧富差距不會導致「兩極分化」 。這是因為：第一，社會主義制度從根本上消除了產生兩極分化生產關系的基礎；第二，允許和鼓勵的先富，不是無條件、無原則、不擇手段的先富；第三，先富不是最終目的，全體人民共同富裕才是社會主義的奮斗目標。During this period, with the changes of land property right in rural area, peasants extricate themselves from the shackles of political power and have a big autonomy in management
這一時期，隨著農村土地產權制度的變化，廣大農民從國家束縛下解脫出來，擁有了充分的自主權。First, the systematic opinion is introduced into the thesis to study the managemeni of private enterprise ; second, the thesis does a detailed ana1ysis on daily administratc system, mainly mention on the components and their relationship ; the next, through analysis and diagonosis of the 2001s adininistrate system of a case, the mk group corp., indicated the weakness and shortage on its admini stration ; f inally, reo rgnize the adininistrate system of mk group corp., focus on the work of mk group corp. on orgnization scheme reorgnize, goal administrate and procedur control, policy adninistrae, staff encourage policy and enterprise cuit ' ure constahon. the work on the case result in the contents of the better job of 2002s administrate system of mk group corp
首先，本文將系統的觀點引入民營企業經營管理工作中，提出改善經營管理的系統觀；其次，對于經營管理系統進行了較為詳細的論述，側重點在於其主要構成因素及其相互關系；再次，以mk集團為案例，對其2001年經營管理系統進行分析和診斷，指出其劣勢和不足；最後，通過組織架構重組，目標管理和過程式控制制，制度化管理，人員考評激勵制度和企業文化建設等等方面對mk集團經營管理系統進行重組和評述，以其全面改善企業經營管理的做法作為mk集團2002年初改善經營管理工作的內容。In the end, main models are induced to enhance the competitiveness of western private building & decorating enterprises through ways of perfecting enterprises " external legal and market environment, amplifying the financing system to broaden financing channels, establishing plural structures of property right, adopting institutional management, strengthening technology innovation and the establishment of corporate culture, etc
最後歸納出提高西部民營建築裝飾企業的競爭力的主體模型，提出通過完善企業外部法律環境和市場環境、健全融資體系以拓寬企業融資渠道，企業內部建立多元化產權結構、實行制度化管理、加強技術創新、加強企業文化建設等途徑來提升西部民營建築裝飾企業的競爭力，以促進其進一步發展。Private enterprises can transform the governance system from family - based governance into modern corporate governance by means of decentralizing property rights, setting up multi - subjects " monitoring and controlling system which is held by family, formulating institutions for management, reforming and improving the incentive mechanism to managers, perfecting the manager hiring and firing mechanism and founding a learning organization inside an enterprise, and etc
民營企業可以通過分散企業的產權、構建以家族監控為主的多主體監控體系、實行制度化管理、改革和優化對經營者的激勵機制、建立規范的經營者選聘機制以及將企業打造成學習型組織等方式，逐漸從家族式治理模式發展到現代企業治理模式。First of all, takes marxism as the direction, to the chinese and western tradition ^ noreover utilize the cost - the profit application cost - the profit theory was analyzed the morality education defect substantial results reason, resting with that the fair community environment was subjected to the grave pollution, point out citizen ' s morality are implement the sketch, implement workably, need the community fairly to act the guarantee secondly, as basis of age alternation and establishment socialism market economy basic requirement, elaborate economy fairly, politics fairly, the culture fairly awaits the fair, scientific connotation of community. finally follow " with rule of virtue government clerk " bringing into play the demonstration assigns somebody to a post the action, heighten rightful quality o f system arrangement, causes the morality construct system tripartite, propose the fair significant step of protection community, unfairly organically unite thereby, resolving the community against substantial results that heightens with people in dehua
首先，以馬克思主義為指導，對中西傳統公正觀進行了深入考察，並運用成本?收益理論分析了道德教育缺乏實效性的原因，在於公正的社會環境受到了嚴重污染，指出《公民道德建設實施綱要》的貫徹落實需要社會公正作保障。其次，根據時代的變化和建立社會主義市場經濟的基本要求，闡述了經濟公正、政治公正、文化公正等社會公正的科學內涵。最後，從「以德治吏」發揮作用示範作用、增強制度安排的合理性、使道德建設制度化三方面，提出了維護社會公正的主要措施，從而把解決社會不公與增強以德化民的實效性有機地結合起來。However, some problems still exist : the ambiguous aim and weak measures in some urban community, non - systematization of cultural activities in some urban community, the inadequate fostering function in some urban community, the weak sense of recognition of urban inhabitants, the incompletion of leading system and working mechanism, the stagnancy of cultural facilities. the causes for these problems include : some leader ' s limited knowledge about the importance and emergency of culture and ideology in urban community, insufficiency and in investment and exploitation of community resource, disorder of maning system, the poor quality of basic - level leader, so on and so forth
但也存在著一些問題，這些問題主要有：一些城市社區精神文明建設目標不明確，措施不得力；一些城市社區精神文明創建活動未能制度化、經常化；一些城市社區精神文明建設的教育功能未能得到充分發揮；社區居民認同意識薄弱，主動參與不夠；社區精神文明建設的領導體制、工作機制不夠完善；文化設施建設嚴重滯后等。產生這些問題的主要原因包括：部分領導對城市社區精神文明建設的重要性與緊迫性認識不夠；經費投入不足，社區資源開發利用不夠；條塊分割的管理體制一直沒有理順；基層幹部素質普遍偏低等。The 3rd chapter basically made clear a country to stabilize active birth policy, give active birth policy law is changed, the system is changed, stipulated the citizen fulfils the right that family planning should enjoy and obligation, and system of the necessary management in family planning job, service and measure
第三章主要明確了國家穩定現行生育政策，並將現行生育政策予以法律化、制度化，規定了公民實行計劃生育應享有的權利與義務，以及計劃生育工作中必要的治理、服務制度和措施。This film goes behind the rumours and screeching tabloid headlines to paint a vivid picture of an enigmatic young prince and his changing role
這位平民化的王子，曾說過不求登上王位，英國人民卻期望，由他取替其父親查理斯王子登基，挽救整個英國正沒落的君主制度。分享友人