消極論 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [xiāojílún]
消極論
英文
negativism-
From the point of the roles of both the active and negative aspects of the objective rational, this article adopts the theory of law positivism and the method of law economy analysis to discuss the roles and limitation of the meaning of the intention components of causality and the ultimate aim of the objective rational, and the internal economy principles or rules of the shipping economy and trade deduced from the shipping facts and the benthamism, the most avail of the most majority nations, the maximum of the whole avail of both the ship interests and the cargo interests, and the protection and promotion of the development of the shipping economy in the legislation area of the basis of liability of the carriers
摘要從目的理性在消極方面和積極方面作用角度出發，運用法律實證主義理論和法律經濟分析方法，論述了因果方面的目的成分的意義、目的理性的終極目的，以及從航運事實和功利主義所引出的航運經濟與貿易內在經濟法則或規律，最大多數國家的最大效用、船貨雙方整體效用最大化與促進保護航運經濟發展，在承運人責任基礎立法領域中的作用與局限性。This dissertation can be divided into three parts as following : focusing on institutional risk control, this dissertation demonstrated the effect of institutional risk on dis " objects by analyzing the relationship between deposit insurance and financial development, financial stability and market discipline, in light of foreign or native primary theory and empirical results of dis. in virtue of statistical method and with the theory of game, this dissertation explored the cause the institutional risk such as moral risk and adverse selection, on the basis of which discussed the approach of controlling institutional risk and proper deposit insurance pattern. because deposit insurance assessment is the core of institutional risk control, this dissertation introduced and discussed deeply the passive casualty - insurance model, the option - pricing model, the game - theory - based pricing model, and reasonable pricing interval, and put forward the hierarchical pricing strategy of dis on the balance of information confiscatory and risk - based - assessment necessity
本文以存款保險制度風險控制為中心，在借鑒國內外關于存款保險制度的基本理論和實證的基礎上，通過分析存款保險與金融發展、金融穩定和市場懲戒等方面的關系，論證了存款保險制度風險對存款保險制度目標的影響；並藉助統計學的方法，運用信息博弈論的觀點，從主要制度參與者? ?投保機構和存款保險機構? ?的效用函數出發，對存款保險所引發的道德風險和逆向選擇等制度風險的成因進行深入的剖析，探討有效控制制度風險的途徑和制度參數的安排模式；由於存款保險定價是制度風險管理的核心問題，本文還專門對意外存款保險消極模型、存款保險的期權定價模型、基於信息經濟學的存款保險定價模型以及合理定價區間等定價模式進行深入分析和詳細評述，闡述各種定價思路的局限性和可能運用的空間，通過權衡信息的充分性和風險定價的必要性，提出存款保險制度的層次性定價策略。Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the congruous contract between the managers and the manipulative stockholders, shielding of the cpas, the banks and the local government, the passive supervision of the government and the defective corporate governing framework set off accounting fraud of listed companies. at last, it introduces six countermeasures which concern law, regulation, institution building and political institution reform
本文得出結論:大股東與經營者的和謀、注冊會計師（會計師事務所） 、銀行和地方政府對上市公司舞弊者舞弊行為的包庇、政府監管部門的消極監管和上市公司治理結構的缺陷是引發上市公司會計舞弊問題的根本原因，並據此從法律、法規、制度建設、政治體制改革等六個方面提出了治理上市公司會計舞弊的相關建議。Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。The research reveals that linguistic politeness in arguments in american courts shares great similarities with that in chinese courts ; negative politeness strategies are most frequently employed by lawyers, followed by positive politeness strategies and off record strategies. it is also found that such linguistic means as hedge, impersonalize s and h, give reasons, give deference, rhetorical questions and include both s and h in the activity are most favored by chinese and american lawyers
中美律師在法庭辯論中最常用的是消極禮貌策略，其次是積極禮貌策略和非公開的禮貌策略；律師最常用的實現禮貌的語言形式依次是：模糊限制語、說話人和聽話人非個人化、提供原因、表達尊重、設問以及把說話人和聽話人都包括在同一項活動中等。All i fear will succumb before the tremendous array of negative arguments and forces.
我所引以為憂的這一切會在消極論調和消極力量形成的巨大堡壘前面，化成泡影。His creed of determinism was such that it almost amounted to a vice, and quite amounted, on its negative side, to a renunciative philosophy which had cousinship with that of schopenhauer and leopardi
他深深地信仰宿命論，以至於這種信仰都差不多成了一種毒害，在消極方面簡直就和放棄哲學一樣，和叔本華與雷奧巴狄的哲學同出一源。James spotila, president of the leatherback trust, said, “ it ' s time for people to rally around these ancient creatures and to understand that the actions we take ? as individuals, as governments, as business people ? can have either a negative or positive effect on the ocean
棱皮海龜信託主席詹姆斯?斯波迪拉認為： 「現在人們應該關注這些具有悠久歷史的遠古生物並充分理解我們活動的意義? ? ?無論是個體，還是政府或者商業活動，都有可能對海洋產生消極或是積極的影響。 」Having analysed the strategies for math - learning according to the individual ' s differences put forward in literature ; having made an experimental study of the idea advocated in literature that students should be grouped and taught according to their intelligence. the results show : such teaching has a negative influence upon the individual ' s achievements and psychology and therefore should nr abandoned ; having analysed whether cooperative learning is feasible and the results show : cooperative learning cannot be used as a form of organizing teaching under the present condition that classes are large in key high schools. instead, we suggest that the study process of adapting to individual differences and strengthening differences in organizing classroom teaching are the best choices in key high school math - teaching
對文獻中提出的班級教學組織條件下進行差異教學的對策作了分析，對目前文獻中提出的按能力分組分層教學進行了試驗研究，結果表明：這種教學形式對學生的數學成績和心理都有消極影響，應該放棄；對合作學習進行了可行性分析，結論是：在當前重點高中大班額等條件下，合作學習不能作為差異教學的組織形式；提出：班級授課組織內，適應個別差異的學習過程個別化的強化的形式，是目前重點高中數學差異教學可實行的最佳選擇。The first part gives a picture of preconditions for being the subject of rechtspfandrecht
第一，得為權利質權標的之條件，論文提要分積極條件與消極條件。Negative effect of media culture on the audience ' s psychology
論傳媒文化對受眾心理的消極影響Passive impact of excessive social capital on graduate employment
論社會資本過度化對大學生就業的消極影響Moral hazard can cause many problems which will threaten and impair the benefit of the venture capitalists seriously, for example negative work, excessive consumption on work, misusing capital, excessive investment and so on
它將直接導致風險企業家的消極怠工、在職消費以及濫用資本、過度投資等問題，嚴重威脅和損害風險投資家的利益。防範和控制道德風險問題關繫到風險資本的安全及使用效率，也是風險投資家和理論界關注的對象。In view of objectivity, richness and availability of peer evaluation, the present thesis found " two - factor relation model " of primary children social skill, namely, positive and negative behavior skill, according to previous theories and interviews
鑒于同伴評價的客觀性、豐富性和可操作性，本研究結合有關理論研究和開放式、半結構式訪談的結果，得出小學兒童社會技能的「二因素相關模型」 ，即積極行為技能和消極行為技能。( b ) results of interviews and the questionnaire, showed that construction on primary children social skill have two dimensions : positive and negative behavior skill, reflecting real cognitive character of primary school children though differing from previous theories constitution
（ 2 ）通過訪談與問卷分析發現，小學兒童社會技能的結構有二個基本維度：積極行為技能和消極行為技能，這與理論構想雖然不同，但真實地反映了小學兒童認知發展特點。And there are no uniform standards about the medical level and as the consideration of medical level, we should examine the factors of technicality, emergency and regionality and adopt right judgment measures : judgment through general knowledge, judgment under medical rules, judgment by scientific experiments and judgment according to medical expert testimony, etc. from the negative side, there is to be the research on the negative reasons to medical malpractice and whatever satisfied the negative reasons would not be the medical malpractice - permissible danger, act of rescue, self - sup porting act, exercise of rights, promise by the patients and comparative faults, etc. furthermore, this dissertation emphasized the discussion on the problem of the conflict of rights and proposed to exercise the policy of right - priority to solve the problem of the conflict of rights
在相當因果關系判斷中，對條件的審究實踐上有較大難度，本文主張採用邏輯學上新理論?一部分原因理論並結合事故參與度理論、蓋然性；理論進行判斷與認定。本文除對醫療過失責任的三個構成要件進行了論述，還在第五部分對責任構成后的具體賠償進行了論述。按照現行法律，本文對積極損害中喪葬費用、醫療費用、護理費用、律師費用、住宿費用、交通費用，消極損害中死亡補償費、被撫養人生活費、誤工費、殘疾者生活補助費及殘疾用具費以及精神上的損害具體賠償的標準進行了歸納。There are indeed instances of purely negative concessions - - the second international ' s doctrine of collaboration between labour and capital [ 3 ] resulted in the betrayal of a whole class and a whole revolution
純消極的讓步是有過的，那就是第二國際的勞資合作論，把一個階級一個革命都讓掉了。Can such a woman, whose “ negatives ” are among the highest in the business, reunite america
這樣一個在事務處理中得到消極評論最多的女人，能重新統一美國嗎？The author applies the theory of informal organizations into the management practice of college students ' organization, analyzes their types, characteristics, and their influence on formal organizations, and then puts forward some suggestions of how the informal organizations play an active role in students ' affairs and how to restrict their negative aspects
本文將非正式組織理論運用於高校組織的管理實踐，分析了大學生非正式組織的類型、特徵和對正式組織的影響，並最終提出了發揮非正式組織在學生工作中的積極作用，控制其消極作用的教育管理對策。Cai, 1998 ; bikai nie, & bingying wang, 2000 ) provided evidence that, while our students outperformed on problem - solving tasks, the result was not the same on problem - posing tasks. because most students learned mathematics and developed increased mathematical capacities only when they participate in instruction focused on rich and worthwhile mathematical activity. however, in the circles of mathematics education, there was a universal sense, that is : our mathematical education loses contact with reality ; students solve problems not related to real life ; the mathematical activity students conducted mostly focused on memorization and mechanical use of procedures rather than the use of mathematical knowledge and tools to explore patterns, frame and solve problem, etc.
課堂是學生學習數學、發展數學認知的主陣地，我國學生的數學認知在上述方面表現出來的差異可以從數學課程與教學中尋找原因： 「中國數學教育脫離實際」 （張奠宙， 1994 ） ； 「在強調素質教育的今天，絕大多數課堂教學仍然是傳授知識加技能訓練的傳統教學模式」 ， 「學生的數學學習仍然是一種『復制型』的『消極』學習」 ， 「學生幾乎沒有獨立思考、探索發現的機會」 （季素月， 1996 ） ；我國數學課程在「探究」和「背景」上「較薄弱」 ，在「運算」和「推理」等方面「要求過高」 （鮑建生，博士學位論文， 2002 ） 。分享友人