無償合約 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [wúchánggěyāo]
無償合約
英文
nudum pactum-
User explicitly acknowledges and agrees that, except as expressly provided in the preceding paragraph, to the fullest extent allowed by law, hktb shall not be obligated or liable for any direct damages, contract damages, indirect damages, incidental damages, consequential damages, special damages, exemplary damages, warranty, tort including negligence damages, product liability damages or liabilities including, but not limited to, loss of digital content, prints, digital storage media, revenue and or profit, etc damages arising with respect to your use of discoverhongkong. com e - invites and the service, even if we have been advised or have knowledge of the possibility of such damages
用戶明確確認及同意，除非前文各段有明確規定，否則在法律許可的最大限度下，香港旅遊發展局無需就閣下使用discoverhongkong . com e請卡及本服務而引起的任何直接損害賠償合約損害賠償間接損害賠償附帶損害賠償相應損害賠償特別損害賠償懲罰性損害賠償保證侵權包括疏忽損害賠償產品責任損害賠償或法律責任包括但不限於數碼內容列印本數碼儲存媒體收益及或利潤的損失而承擔任何責任，即使香港旅遊發展局已獲知會或已知悉該等損害賠償的可能性亦然。The rule of foreseeability is applied to determine the scope of damages for breach, but not applied in nonperformance, such as void contract, voidable contract and negotiation in bad faith during making contract due to one party ' s fault
可預見性原則適用於違約損害賠償，並不適用於非合同履行的場合，例如因一方過錯導致合同無效、合同被撤銷，以及合同訂立過程中的惡意磋商等發生損失的情形。To add " there are many loopholes in the operation and sales practices of telecommunications service providers, " after " that, as " ; to add " and such complaints from the public are often not followed up effectively by government departments, " after " in recent years, " ; to add " stipulate corresponding penalties " after " to cover pay television, " ; and to add " ; furthermore, as the hong kong housing authority has signed agreements with pay television operators, these operators can enter the buildings to set up and maintain communal aerial systems and can deploy front - line promoters to approach the residents to sell other various commercial services, using the provision of exclusive maintenance and supply services as a selling point and adopting unscrupulous means to entice or mislead the residents into signing an agreement with them, causing great disturbance to the residents ; in this connection, the government must adopt measures to combat such sales malpractices, take the initiative to inform public rental housing tenants of the rights and responsibilities of the operators and, when the operators resort to malpractices or malpractices are reported by residents, take immediate action to investigate the matter and issue warning to and penalize the operators concerned ; the government must also review the problem of inequity in accessing system information by consumers and the telecommunications service providers, whereby consumers have no means or right to obtain true and accurate information about the systems that they are using and can only pay the fees according to the volume, system and time slots of their calls shown on the records provided unilaterally by the service providers, and in case of queries about such information, the decision of the service providers prevails and there is no channel for the consumers to dispute or verify ; to this end, the government should expeditiously study how to ensure that consumers have the rights to know, choose, verify, appeal and claim for compensation in the provision of telecommunications services including pay television, local and cross - boundary telecommunications and internet services " after " in the contracts "
在"鑒于"之後加上"各電訊服務提供者的營運和銷售存在不少漏洞， "在"不斷增加， "之後加上"而市民的投訴又往往得不到政府部門的有效跟進處理， "在"收費電視， "之後加上"訂定相應的罰則， "及在"標準合約條款"之後加上"此外，由於香港房屋委員會與收費電視營辦商簽訂協議，該等營辦商可進入大廈鋪設及維修公共天線系統，並調派前線銷售人員，以獨家提供維修及供應服務作為招徠，向住戶推銷其他各種商業服務，以不當手法誘使或誤導住戶與他們簽約，對居民造成很大困擾就此，政府必須採取措施打擊上述違規營銷的手法，並主動告知公屋住戶該等營辦商的權責范圍，遇有營辦商作出違規的行為或居民舉報營辦商的違規行為時，須立即追查，並向有關營辦商發出警告及作出處分政府亦須檢討現時消費者與電訊服務供應商所獲系統資訊並不對等的問題，即消費者無從及無權得知他們所選用系統的真實資料，令他們只能按服務供應商單方面提供有關通話量通話系統及通話時段的記錄繳交費用，遇有消費者質疑上述資料時，往往只由服務供應商作最終決定，消費者無從申辯或查證就此，本會促請政府盡快研究如何就各類電訊服務包括收費電視本地及跨境電訊網際網路等的提供，確保消費者享有知情權選擇權覆核權投訴權及索償權" 。In the 19th century, the britain court differentiated th contract terms as " condition " and " warranty ". if a party to a contract violated the condition terms, which was regarded as substantial breach of contract, the other party woud consequently claim the rescission of a contract and do so, but only had the right to ask for compansation, if the warranty terms violated
19世紀，英國法院將合同條款依其重要程度區分為「條件」和「擔保」兩類，當事人違反「條件」條款將構成根本違約，非違約方可以因此而解除合同；而當事人「擔保」條款時，非違約方無權解除合同，只能請求損害賠償。Neither the bank, its associates, nor any of their directors, officers or employees, shall be liable to the customer for any expenses, loss or damage suffered by or occasioned to the customer by reason of any action taken or omitted to be taken by any one or all of the bank, its associates, their directors, officers, employees or agents pursuant to these conditions or in connection therewith other than as a result of the fraud, wilful default or negligence of the bank, its associates, their directors, officers, employees or agents ; the bank s failure in good faith to honour any stop - payment instructions given by the customer ; the presentation to the bank of any cheque or other payment order which is post - dated ; the bank failing to honour any draft drawn on it by the customer, but the bank shall immediately return such draft to the customer through the normal channels giving the reason for the dishonour ; any loss, damage, destruction or misdelivery of or to the securities howsoever caused unless the same shall result from the negligence of, or theft by, the bank or its associates or any of their directors, officers or employees, in which event the extent of the liability of the bank shall be limited to the market value of such securities at the date of discovery of the loss and even if the bank has been advised of the possibility of such loss or damage ; unauthorised use or forging of any authorised signature as a result of the negligence, wilful default or fraud of the customer ; subject to condition 5. 5, any act or omission, or insolvency of, any person not associated with the bank including, without limitation, a third party nominee or depositary ; viii the collection or deposit or crediting to the custodian accounts of invalid, fraudulent or forged securities or any entry in the custodian accounts which may be made in connection therewith ; any malfunction of, or error in the transmission of information caused by, any electrical or mechanical machine or system or any interception of communication facilities, abnormal operating conditions, labour difficulties, acts of god, or any similar or dissimilar causes beyond the reasonable control of the bank and notwithstanding paragraph, the error, failure, negligence, act or omission of any other person, system, institution or payment infrastructure
本行其聯系人士其各董事高級人員或雇員均毋須向客戶因以下理由而使客戶蒙受或產生之任何開支損失或虧損負責： i本行其聯系人士其董事高級人員雇員或代理人根據此等條件採取或遺漏採取有關之行動，但由於本行其聯系人士其董事高級人員雇員或代理人之欺詐行為故意失責或疏忽所造成者除外ii本行本真誠地未能依約替客戶執行止付指示iii向本行提交任何遠期支票或其他付款指示iv本行未能兌現由客戶開出之匯票，但本行將立即透過正常渠道將該匯票退回客戶，並解釋拒付之理由v無論如何導致之任何證券之損失損毀毀壞或錯誤交付除非上述各項乃因本行或其聯系人士或其任何董事高級人員或雇員之疏忽或盜竊所引致，而在該等情況下，本行的責任將只限於在發現損失當日該等證券之市值，以及即使本行已獲知該等賠償之可能性vi因客戶之疏忽故意失責或欺詐行為而導致的任何偽造授權簽名或不獲授權使用該簽名vii在第5 . 5 a條之規限下，與本行無關者之任何行動或遺漏或無償債能力包括但不限於第三者代名人或寄存處viii代收或存入或貸存於保管人賬戶的無效偽造或假冒證券或在保管人賬戶記入可能與此有關之賬項ix任何電子機械或系統失靈或因該等機件或系統產生的資料傳送錯誤或任何通訊設施之終斷不正常操作情況勞工問題天災或非本行所能合理控制之任何類似或非類似原因及x盡管有第ix項，任何其他人系統機構或付款設施的錯誤故障疏忽行動或遺漏。The remedy system of anticipatory breach is a new thing to china. the main purpose of this essay is to find out what is anticipatory breach of contract and the rights of the innocent party from studying continental genealogy of law, anglo - american genealogy of law, international convention and international customs. this essay includes nine parts
英美法上創立的預期毀約制度，根據不同的預期毀約情形賦予守約方在履行期限到來之前享有不同的權利：或解除合同，提起損害賠償訴訟，使守約方從無望的合同中解脫出來；或中止合同的履行，要求對方提供保證，減低守約方的不安全感。Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law
第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。Where the construction project fails to meet the prescribed quality requirements due to any reason attributable to the constructor, the developer is entitled to require the constructor to repair, re - construct or make alteration free of charge within a reasonable time
第二百八十一條因施工人的原因致使建設工程質量不符合約定的，發包人有權要求施工人在合理期限內無償修理或者返工、改建。Both parties shall indemnify and hold the other harmless from and against any and all losses, liability, damages, fines, penalties, and expenses ( including the cost of assisting in the defence and reasonable attorney fees, collectively, “ claims ” ) to the extent such claims arise out of or result from the fault, negligence or willful misconduct of, or other breach of duty or violation of this agreement by, the indemnifying party or its employees, agents, representatives, contractors or partners
雙方將從任何和全部損失和對任何和全部損失保護並且拿其他無害，責任，損壞，罰款，懲罰，並且花費（包括費用的在那些辯護和合理律師費內幫助，給這樣索賠因而產生或者起因於錯誤的程度總之， "聲稱" ） ，疏忽或者任性的不端行為，或者其他失職或者破壞的這協議以，這賠償的黨或者它的雇員，代理人，代表，訂約人或者合伙人。However, according to the bifurcated approach to problems of causation, the scope of damages that defined by the " cause in fact " is provided with the probability of enlargement infinitely and uncertainty, so it is necessary to restrict the scope of damages by some legal means within the meaning of techniques of law. meantime, it is unfair that the risk of transaction is only undertaked by the defaulting party, so it is necessary to make use of some legal means to delimit the reasonable damages for the defaulting party
首先，筆者提出：根據全部賠償原則，違約方應賠償因其違約行為給合同債權人造成的所有損害，而借用國外學者關于因果關系二分法的觀點，該「事實上的因果關系」所劃定的損害賠償范圍具有無限擴大的可能性和不確定性，因此從法技術講，就有必須要利用一些法律手段對該賠償范圍予以限界；同時，交易活動本身固有的風險單由合同違約方承擔也是不公平的，因此也有必要利用一些法律手段為違約方劃定一個合理的賠償責任范圍。Generally speaking, with the exception of a handful of exempt items e. g. payments in lieu of notice of termination of employment, compensation for injuries, payments specically exempted under the inland revenue ordinance, almost all payments made by the employer to the employee are taxable, regardless of whether the amount was paid according to or in excess of the terms of employment, and whether the amount was paid pre - commencement, post - cessation or during the course of employment
一般而言，除了代通知金工傷意外賠償和法例訂明不須課繳薪俸稅的收入等少數項目，因並非入息而無須當入息計稅之外，所有由僱主根據雇傭合約支付給雇員的款項和僱主自願超付的款項，均須課繳薪俸稅，不論該筆款項是在任職期間入職前或離職后支付的。It was first posed by yelin, a famous german jurist in 1861 when he published an article, " fault in concluding a treaty : the compensatory responsibility of invalid contract and untenable contract " in the fourth issue of " annals of yelin ' s science of law, " whose chief editor was himself. in this article he systematically and deeply analyzed t he theory of responsibility for fault in concluding a treaty. he thought that under the condition that the contract is invalid or untenable, we should resolve issues according to contract law
締約過失責任理論起源於羅馬法的誠信訴訟和誠信契約，最早由德國著名法學家耶林於1861年在其主編的《耶林法學年報》第4期上發表的《締約上過失：契約無效與不成立之賠償責任》一文中對締約過失責任作了系統而深入的分析，認為在契約無效或不成立情況下，應依合同法來解決，從而推翻了實證法學的無契約即無責任立論，被譽為「法學上的發現」 。In various kinds of contract remedies for commercial affairs, damages is as a kind of most effective remedy, because it can fill in the injured party quickly, and does not need delinquent party to cooperate, it is convenient for court to carry out, so already extensive to acceptance for both parties of contract, however, though the laws of various countries stipulate this system, seeing that historical origins of various countries, difference of the culture background, regulations about the damages are not all the same
在各種商事違約救濟方式中，損害賠償作為一種最有效的補救措施，因其能以最快速度填補受損害方的利益，且無需違約方配合，便於法院執行，因此已被合同雙方當事人所廣泛的接受，但是，盡管各國法律對此制度都有規定，鑒于各國歷史淵源、文化背景的不同，關于損害賠償相關法律制度的規定也都不盡相同。The writer thinks : on partnership debts repaying, liabilities and the orders of the repaying, it ' s quite reasonable for chinese law to adopt unlimited jointly and separately liabilities and compensating liabilities ; on repaying orders of partnership company and its partners, there is no related regulations in chinese law, in future legislation, we should insist in double priority principles ; on the proportion of the partnership debts repaying, the importance should be attached to the party ' s agreement and legal proportion as supplementary principles, if there is agreement, the agreement should be abide by, if there is not, the debts should be repaid according to its proportion
筆者認為：在合夥債務的清償責任、合夥財產和合伙人個人財產清償債務的順序兩個問題上，我國現行立法分別採用無限連帶主義和補充連帶主義十分合理；在清償合夥債務與合伙人個人債務的先後順序問題上，我國現行立法並未規定，未來立法應當採用雙重優先權原則；在合伙人內部債務承擔比例問題上，應當堅持以合伙人約定為主，以法定比例為補充的原則，有約定的，從約定；未約定的，從出資比例。We hereby acknowledge receipt of usd16, 533. 44 in full and final settlement of our claim for partial / total loss / damage and by virtue of such payment you become subrogated to all our rights and remedies in and in respect of the subject matter insured in accordance with the laws governing the contract of insurance
在此我們確認聲明已無誤收到貨損賠償金usd16 ， 533 . 44 ，特此對於此款項你方可以接替承繼我方所有理賠權益，根據合約投保條款及相關法律條文對貨損事件予以執行Any claim based on contract, tort or otherwise for any loss of revenue ( whether direct or indirect ), loss of profits or any other type of consequential loss whether or not foreseeable as a consequence of a breach of this agreement
就因違反本協議而無論是否屬可預見之任何收入損失（不論直接或間接） 、溢利損失或任何其他因此產生之損失，按照合約、侵權法或其他事項提出之索償；By entering the promotion, entrant or, in the case of a minor, his her parent or legal guardian releases and shall procure his her nominees to release hktb and any of its directors, officers, employees, agencies and sponsors collectively, the " released parties " from any liability whatsoever, and waive any and all causes of action, for any claims, costs, injuries, losses, or damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the contest or the use of the prize and related activities including, without limitation, claims, costs, injuries, losses and damages related to personal injuries, death, damage to or destruction of property, rights of publicity or privacy, defamation or portrayal in a false light, whether intentional or unintentional, whether under contract, tort including negligence, warranty or others
參加本推廣活動，即表示參賽者如參賽者並未成年，則為參賽者之父母或其合法監護人就由於或關於是次比賽或獎品的使用及相關活動而根據合約侵權包括疏忽保證或其他基礎提出的任何種類的申索費用傷害損失或損害賠償包括但不限於有關人身傷害死亡財物損毀公開或私隱權利有意或無意誹謗或失實描述的索償費用傷害損失或損害賠償，免除並促使其提名人士免除旅發局及其任何董事高級職員雇員代理及贊助商統稱獲免責人士的任何責任及放棄任何及所有訴訟因由。The author points out that its constitutive requirements include the act of one party who breaches the pre - contract obligations, subjective fault of the party who breaches the pre - contract obligations, damages suffered by the aggrieved party, and the causation relation between the act in violation of the pre - contract obligations and the harmful consequence. the article further expounds the scope of application of the contracting fault liability, which includes the non - formation of the contract, invalidity of the contract, cancellation of the contract, the contract being formed but not coming into effect, the scope of compensation for the contracting fault liability should be confined to trust interest losses
同時分析了締約過失責任的法理基礎? ?誠實信用原則，並指出其構成要件應為：締約一方有違反先合同義務的行為，違反先合同義務方主觀上有過錯，對方受到損害，違反先合同義務行為與損害結果有因果關系；接著進一步詳細論述了締約過失責任適用的范圍：合同不成立、合同無效、合同被撤銷、合同已成立但未生效；然後明確了締約過失賠償范圍是信賴利益損失。The shipyard shall indemnify the buyer from and against any patent liability or claim for infringement of any patent or commercial or intellectual property right of any kind or nature ( including costs and expenses ) made or used in the performance of this contract and also including costs and expenses of litigation if any, including all claims of third parties arising by reason of the production of, circulation or use of plans and of any document or information supplied to the shipyard or its subcontractors, in connection with the construction and the building of the vessel or the construction or installation of its machinery or equipment, provided that the buyer shall first have given the shipyard immediate notice of any claims for infringement and also have given the shipyard the opportunity to defend and take over the conduct of any claim subject to the shipyard providing an indemnity to the buyer for the costs of defending such a claim
在執行本合約時，所用的任何專利、商業財產權、智慧財產權，若因此衍生任何專利責任或侵權索賠，賣方（造船廠）須使買方無事，並賠償買方一切相關費用，以及任何訴訟費用（若有支付） ；而且，興建本船舶或製造、安裝本船的機器或設備時，因製作、流通、及使用藍圖、文件、或數據，供賣方或承包商利用，因而造成第三方的索賠行為，賣方仍須如上述負起全責；唯一旦遇到任何侵權索賠情況，買方須立即告知賣方，並給予賣方餘裕接手辯護該案，同時依約賠償買方處理此案之費用。If a party fails to perform any of its obligations in any material respect ( including its obligation at the completion of transaction ) under this agreement or breaches any of the terms or warranties set out in this agreement in any material respect prior to or at the completion of transaction, then without prejudice to all and any other rights and remedies available at any time to the non - defaulting party ( including but not limited to the right to damages or any loss suffered by that party ), the not - defaulting party may, by notice, either require the defaulting party to perform such obligation or remedy such breach, or terminate this contract
如一方在交易之前或當時，實質地未履行本合同的任一義務（含交易完成時之義務） ，或實質地違反本合同的任一條款或保證，則未違約方隨時應得之權利及賠償（至少包括該方所受損失的求償權）完好無損，且未違約方可以書面方式，要求違約方履行上述義務或賠償違約部分，或逕行終止本合同。分享友人