熱臨率 的英文怎麼說

Recent experiments have succeeded in obtaining oscillations from the new system, with frequencies of 66hz and 23hz for the cases with helium and nitrogen as the working fluids, respectively. the traveling wave system is expected to be one of the good candidates as a driver for pulse tube refrigerator, leading to a thermoacoustically driven pulse tube refrigerator without any moving component

還利用deltae對環路部分進行了數值模擬分析，著重討論了系統的起振臨界溫度與臨界加熱功率、效率與加熱溫度的關系、噴射泵的作用以及不同工質（氮氣和氦氣）的比較等，得出一些有益的結論。

Characterized by wide band gap, high breakage electric field, high thermal conductivity, high saturated electron mobility, cubic silicon carbide ( 3c - sic ), considered as one of the most promising wide band gap semiconductors, is widely utilized in high temperature, high frequency and large power semiconductor devices

3c - sic被譽為最有潛力的寬禁帶半導體材料，具有帶隙寬、臨界擊穿電場高、熱導率高、飽和電子漂移速度大等優點，是高溫、高頻、高功率半導體器件的首選材料。

Hysteresis is not only found for the temperatures, due to the difference between the onset and damping temperatures, but also for the input heating power, i. e., the critical onset power is also different with the critical power for the damping process

此外，還發現熱聲起振和消振過程中的臨界溫度和臨界功率都存在滯后現象。基於對滯后現象的分析，提出了一個混合驅動源熱聲驅動器的方案。

Test results indicated : with the hoist of altitude, the increase of ice amount and the rise of pollutant, the average flashover voltage reduced. the character exponent generally depends on the insulator profile, ice amount, ice state and pollution severity etc. by means of a high - speed camera, a data acquisition system and high voltage test facilities, a series of the flashover processes on ice surfaces were record. the experimental results form this study and the subsequent theoretical analyses suggested : the thermal ionization of the air in front of an arc root resulted in arc movement ; the electrostatic force had an auxiliary effect of impelling arc propagation ; the electrical

通過對攝像機、數據採集系統及高壓試驗裝置記錄覆冰絕緣子表面閃絡電弧的發展過程的試驗結果進行理論分析得出：弧根周圍空氣的熱電離導致了電弧的發展，靜電場力對電弧的發展起到了加速作用，電擊穿僅發生在閃絡最終的跳躍階段；通過測量閃絡過程中的放電電壓、泄漏電流、閃絡時間、覆冰水電導率、電弧長度及電弧半徑等參數，得到了不同階段電弧（電弧起弧階段、電弧發展階段及完全閃絡）的發展速度、臨界電弧長度均隨覆冰水電導率的增加而減小。

Silicon carbide is becoming the most promising semiconductor material for high temperature, high frequency and high power devices because of its superior properties such as wide band gap, high breakdown field, high electronics saturation drift velocity, and high thermal conductivity

Sic材料由於具有寬禁帶、高臨界擊穿電場、高飽和電子漂移速度、較大的熱導率等優良特性，因此成為製作高溫、高頻、大功率器件的理想半導體材料。

In young chickens aev induces paralysis, ataxia and muscular dystrophy, while in older chickens, infection is usually subclinical, resulting in a decline in egg production and hatchability. infectivity was shown to remain unaffected by chloroform, low ph, pepsin, trypsin and deoxyribonuclease. magnesium cations were shown to stabilise preparations of the virus against heat inactivation. the buoyant density of virions are 1. 31g / ml. the diameter of the virion was estimated to be 22 to 30nm. the aev can be adapted to grow in chicken embryo. the inability of aev to grow effeciently in most cell cultures

幼雞感染該病毒后，引起麻痹、頭頸震顫甚至共濟失調，而成雞常呈亞臨床感染或導致產蛋量和孵化率下降。病毒的感染性不受氯仿、低ph 、胃蛋白酶、胰酶和脫氧核糖核酸酶的影響，鎂離子可增強病毒對熱的穩定性，病毒的浮密度為1 . 31g ml ，直徑為22 - 30nm ，該病毒主要在雞胚中增殖，在大多數細胞培養物中不生長。

This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory

本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。

We calculate the stress fracture limit, critical index limit and melting limit in a high power double clad fiber laser. the results show that the average output power decreases when the temperature is too high. to maintain the pumping efficiency and the output power, some cooling methods should be used when the output power reaches a certain level

給出了熱效應對雙包層光纖激光器影響的裂解極限、臨界折射率極限和熔化極限與光纖結構參數和泵浦功率的表達式，理論分析和數值模擬結果表明對于高功率的雙包層光纖激光器溫度很高時激光增益下降，在一定的功率水平上需要進行外界的冷卻，以保證泵浦激光的效率和高功率的激光輸出。

Aim : to analyze the mechanism, thermadynamic theoretical basis, dynamic mechanism and influencing factors of thermally induced phase separation ( tips ) in order to completely grasp the factors affecting the size, distribution and form of pores, so that the adjusted range of pore can be widened and the preparation of porous membrane can be repeated and controlled. methods : considering from the structural characteristics of tissue engineered materials, the methods of preparing porous membrane using tips technique, the hermadynamic theoretical basis, dynamic mechanism and influencing factors were analyzed, the problems and investigative directions in the future were also analyzed. tips technique is a process of phase separation of polymer homogenous solution under quenching, and it is suitable for diameter and structural form of the micropore materials prepared using tips are closely correlated with the kind and dispensing proportion of polymer attrnuant, polymer concentration and polymer molecular mass, etc. conducted, including determination of polymer - solvent system phase diagram, study of form and appearance of porous membrane of different thickness, study of form and appearance of porous membrane prepared with systems of different x, which is the parameter of polymer - solvent interaction

目的:分析熱致相分離成膜過程的機理、熱力學理論基礎、動力學機制以及影響因素，以便充分掌握影響孔度大小、分佈、形態的因素，使孔度調控范圍得以拓寬，使多孔膜的制備能重復可控.方法:從組織工程材料結構特點出發，分析熱致相分離聚合物多孔膜的制備方法及該法成膜的熱力學理論基礎、動力學機制以及影響因素.並分析實驗中存在的問題及今後的研究方向.結果:以熱致相分離法可制備聚合物多孔膜.熱致相分離法制備多孔膜是高聚物均相溶液在淬冷條件下發生相分離的過程，它適用於上臨界共溶溫度型聚合物一稀釋劑二元體系.熱致相分離法成膜的過程，可以認為是旋節線機理佔主導地位.熱致相分離法制備的微孔材料，其孔隙率、孔徑大小、結構形態與聚合物稀釋劑的種類、組成配比、聚合物濃度、聚合物分子量等因素密切相關.結論:可採用熱致相分離技術制備多孔膜，通過改變不同的成膜條件可獲得一系列不同孔徑尺寸和孔徑分佈的多孔膜材料.對熱致相分離成膜過程中聚合物-溶劑體系的相圖測定，不同厚度的多孔膜形貌研究，不同x （聚合物-溶劑相互作用參數）體系所制備的多孔膜形貌等需深人研究

This segregation behavior of sn accords with the mechanism of non - equilibrium segregation. it can be obtained through the theoretical calculations that the critical time of sn non - equilibrium segregation is 124 seconds at 750 and the critical cooling rate is 8 / s when cooling from 1320. it is suggested that controlling the cooling rate during continuous casting to avoid the critical cooling rate ( 8 / s ) and avoiding high stress near the trough temperature ( 750 ) may control the form

通過研究殘留元素sn的偏聚機制及其對o . 15wt . % c鋼熱塑性的影響，對試驗鋼進行脆性預測:建議在該鋼的連鑄過程中彎道矯直溫度盡量避開塑性谷底溫度750 ，二冷區的冷速盡量避開臨界冷卻速率8 / s ，從而可以減少該低碳鋼連鑄坯表面裂紋和橫向裂紋，提高其成材率。

The results indicate that the critical ventilation speed is direct ratio to the heat release rate and reverse ratio to the height of the smoke barrier which lies in the stairs ' access between platform and concourse

研究表明：臨界通風速度與火災熱釋放速率成正比，與站臺和站廳間樓梯口處的檔煙垂壁高度成反比。

This thesis begins with the theoretical basis of this case, follows with the current situation that tian fa company faces and the background of the project, and then taking both the theoretical and practical factors into account. to make the conclusion : the investment project of 2 x 50 mw thermoelectricity cogeneration in tian fa company is feasible from the prospect of financial management, and it is risk - resistant. i use three project appraisal techniques, i. e. payback period, net present value and internal rate of return and two risk analysis techniques, i. e. sensitivity analysis and breakeven analysis

論文首先介紹了案例分析的理論依據，緊接著分析了天發公司目前面臨的困境以及項目投資的有關背景，然後將理論與實際結合相結合，分析計算了項目投資的資本成本、現金流量表，應用回收期法、凈現值法和內部收益率法對該投資項目的效益進行財務評價，用敏感性分析和盈虧平衡分析兩種方法對項目的風險進行分析，通過分析和研究最後得出結論：天發公司2 50mw熱電聯產投資項目在財務上是完全可行的，並且具有相當強的抗風險能力。

1. upon brief reviewing current mathematical and physical models and mechanisms for electrorheological effect, the theoretical analysis of the dielectric relaxation of electrorheological fluids and the frequency - inducing characteristics for electrorheological effect are conducted. based on statistical thermodynamic analysis and osmotic pressure calculating of an electrorheological fluid complex system, phenomenological theory is adopted to evaluated phase reparation characteristics. thus critical factors corresponding to experimental results are introduced

在簡要評述現有電流變效應模型及機理的基礎上，按非均勻介質對雙相復合懸浮液的電流變效應進行理論分析，研究了電流變效應頻率誘導特性；基於復合系統滲透壓的計算，採用統計熱力學唯象理論，討論了電流變效應的相分離特徵，獲得了與實驗吻合的臨界參數；首次將定向滲流模型應用於電流變體臨界體積濃度的分析，得出一個描述電流變流體特徵而不隨外加電場變化的臨界體積百分數為0 . 37 。

The results show that in the later stage of the nucleation process, the maximum slip velocity is monotonically accelerating ; the slipping hot spot ( where the slip rate is maximum ) migrates spontaneously from a certain instant, and such migration is spatially continuous ; when the maximum velocity reaches a detectable order of magnitude ( at least one order of magnitude greater than the loading rate ), the remaining time is 20 hours or more, and the temporal variation of slip velocity beyond this point may be used as a precursory indicator ; the average slip velocity is related to the remaining time by a log - log linear relation, which means that a similar relation between rate of microseismicity and remaining time may also exist ; when normal stress variation is taken into account, time scale of such processes can be extended by about 2 times

結果表明，在成核的後期階段：最大位移速率單調加速增加；滑動熱點（最大滑動速率處）在後期階段開始自發性遷移，且在空間上連續；當最大滑動速率達到可以明顯探測的量級時（高於載入速率一個數量級以上） ，倒計時間為20小時或更長一些，這時的速率變化可作為臨震預測標志；平均滑動速率與倒計時間的關系在臨震階段呈對數線性趨勢，由此可推測微震活動增長率與倒計時間同樣存在對數線性關系；正應力的變化對上述時間尺度有延長作用，使之大致增加到原數值的2倍。

Because of its excellent properties, such as large band gap, high thermal conductivity and high breakdown electric field, sic is appropriate for the electronic devices which can operate at extremely high temperatures and high radiation

Sic材料具有禁帶寬、熱導率高、臨界擊穿電場高等特性，特別適合高溫、強輻射等惡劣環境下工作的電子器件製造。

In this thesis, with the research of the hunan telecom data division " s human resource management, we have analyzed the characteristic of the knowledge - based staff, and did research on education level s average ages average work times position structure and the job turn - over rate of hunan telecom data division " s staff. we conducted a survey in hunan telecommunication bureau and found out that the staffs who love their positions, are more willing to innovate, take the responsibility and cooperate with each other, and they do have their own ideas on career development

本文以湖南電信數據專業人員管理為主線，在分析了知識員工特徵的基礎上，運用問卷調查、統計分析等方法，分析了湖南電信數據專業人員在學歷結構、平均年齡、平均從業時間、崗位結構、員工流失率等方面的特徵，以湖南省數據通信局為代表通過問卷調查歸納了其員工熱愛從事的工作、富有創新精神、勇於承擔責任、樂于協調合作和有樸素職業生涯管理意識等心理特徵，進一步從業務發展、企業文化、薪酬設計和員工培訓等幾方面指出了當前人員管理面臨的主要問題。

In this paper, the basic and important parts are studied. for example, the capacity of jet fan in tunnel, the flux distribution and resistance loss in the chimney. this approach is capable of modeling multi - dimensional, time dependent nature of fire in a road tunnel, this paper presents the critical ventilation velocity in various heat release rate and smoke release rate for jingfu highway

以京福高速公路美菰林隧道的結構參數為依據，當隧道內發生火災時，對隧道煙霧隨時間的發展擴散過程進行了動態的模擬與研究，得出了不同的火災放熱率、發煙率的情況下，控制隧道煙霧迴流的臨界風速這一關鍵數據，為隧道突發火災時的緊急通風控制提供參考。