社會公約論 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [shèkuàigōngyāolún]
社會公約論
英文
social contract theories-
From the mass communication point of view, this essay analyzes the causes of the formation of the public opinion and maintains that the public opinion results from the following three factors : esquire class controlled the mass media ; newspapers and periodicals served as an important medium for the formation of the public opinion of " destroying the treaty and protecting the road " ; the public prejudice and social psychology of stereotype
「破約保路」輿論的形成主要是以下三方面因素綜合作用的結果：一、士紳階層很大程度上控制了大眾媒介；二、報刊是形成「破約保路」輿論的重要媒介；三、公眾的成見與從眾的社會心理。After analysing the ethical problems following the gene engineering to the human beings, the writer gives some measures to solve these problems. through government ' s policies to guide the direction of development of gene engineering ; constructing the sciencist ' s ethic, moral concepts ; giving the public play to supervise the making of gene engineering, these measures will make gene engineering benefit for the human beings to the most extent, and harm the human being to the least extent
在重點探討了基因工程可能會給人類帶來種種社會問題后，作者最後還提出了相應的解決辦法，即通過加強政府方針政策的引導支持、法律法規的約束控制、強化科技倫理道德建設、發揮公眾輿論監督作用，使基因工程最大限度的造福於人類，而將危害降到最低限度。Chapter three author aimming at the blank of study on the inrollment policy of the higher education for minorities tries to probe theoretically into it from the perspective of the cause of minority student achieveinent higher educational function and educational policy, and to define the essence principle and foundadion of this policy, firstly, auther wants to show that the root to implementing this policy bases on minority history earth instance and cultural speciality by analyzing the cause of minority students low achievement, secondly, by the perspective perspective of higher educational function, author tries to show the important role of higher education to socialize minority students in case they are peripheried, to inherit and improve minority culture, in order to define that this policy is an important political mechanism to safeguard minority " s educational right and educational equality, thirdly, there are two points to be showed by discussing with the perspective of educational policy : the inrollment policy of the higher education for minorities is complexity and it is restricted and influenced easily by correlative mechanism because it involves virtuely in educational problem ethical problem and policy problem, on the other hand, the inrollment policy of the higher education for minorities don " t violate the principle of individual equality, instead, it carries out certain policy for some groups basing on the principle of the individual equality
一、通過對少數民族學生低學業成就的歸因分析，論述少數民族高等教育招生政策實施依據是少數民族歷史發展、現實狀況和文化特殊性。二、通過高等教育功能視角的探討，論述高等教育對少數民族學生的進一步社會化，避免少數民族個體被邊緣化的意義，以及高等教育對少數民族繼承、發展民族文化的意義，明確少數民族高等教育招生政策是保障少數民族高等教育權利、保證教育公平的一項重要的「政治機制」 。三、通過教育政策視角的探討，主要有兩方面內容，一是由教育政策的特點，論述少數民族高等教育招生政策實質上是集教育問題、民族問題和政策問題於一身，這使它的運行具有復雜性，它更易受其它相關機制的制約和影響;二是通過教育政策價值取向的探討，論述少數民族高等教育招生政策雖以一定群體為實施的對象，但並不違背個體平等原則，它是立足於個體平等的基礎上，依據能力選拔的原則，針對群體差異客觀存在的現實，對一定群體實施的一定「優惠政策」 ，以保證處於弱勢地位群體的權利，從而真正實現個體的平等。This paper has adopted several scientifically studying analysing and reasoning methods to illustrate the features, back ground, purposes, restrcting and founding conditions, and the reforms of the electronicalized government. the challenges and responsibilities of the government in the network economy have also been emphasized. how to plan the network construction, and how to improve computer administration are all included in this paper, aiming at offering valuable proposals and suggestions for the government to meet the future demands and to show a completely new government image to the public
本篇論文採用唯物辯證法、實證分析法、邏輯推理法、理論聯系實際方法、調查研究法、數字分析法、對比分析法等研究方法，通過對電子化政府的含義、特徵、產生背景、意義及中國實施中的「政府網上工程」 ，電子化政府與政府改革，電子化政府的制約因素及建立條件以及面對網路化經濟政府所遇到的機遇和挑戰等作具體詳盡的分析論述，旨在提出網路時代政府的網上責任以及今後政府在規劃網路建設，實現政府網路化的主要對策，即如何推行電子政務，目的是為政府今後的建設和發展出謀劃策，使政府能適時調整自身的職能，盡快向新型管理服務職能轉變，以順應社會的呼喚，滿足公眾的需求。Never value anything as profitable to thyself which shall compel thee to break thy promise, to lose thy self - respect, to hate any man, to suspect, to curse, to act the hypocrite, to desire anything which needs walls and curtains : for he who has preferred to everything intelligence and daemon and the worship of its excellence, acts no tragic part, does not groan, will not need either solitude or much company ; and, what is chief of all, he will live without either pursuing or flying from death ; but whether for a longer or a shorter time he shall have the soul inclosed in the body, he cares not at all : for even if he must depart immediately, he will go as readily as if he were going to do anything else which can be done with decency and order ; taking care of this only all through life, that his thoughts turn not away from anything which belongs to an intelligent animal and a member of a civil community
不要把任何會強迫你打破誓言、喪失自尊、仇恨人類，猜疑、詛咒、行偽善和需要掩飾來滿足的慾望之類東西看成是對你有益的：那些熱愛智性和精靈勝過其他，崇拜自然的完美，行為無過失，從不抱怨的人，既不孤僻，也不需要過多的朋友，而且最主要的是，他既不迷戀死亡，也不逃避死亡；無論生命有多長壽或多短暫，他都會把靈魂約束于肉體之內，他一無牽掛：即使不得不即刻辭世而去，他也將坦然而往，彷彿去做一項可以以尊嚴和秩序的方式完成的事；整個人生中他只關心一件事：他的思想是否偏離了一個有智性的動物和一個公民社會成員的本分。It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason
論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。Social contract theories
社會公約論Indeed, until adoption of the 1982 convention, the argument could be made that there existed no adequate and comprehensive maritime treaty law as such for the larger part of the world community
的確，可以得出這樣的結論，直到1982年公約通過之後，才有了適用於國際社會大部分成員的健全的海洋條約的法律。Study on the restriction for
淺論公益性社會中介組織的行為約束In1980 ’ s, the civil society was properly the foundation of good governance and was also the total of all the folk organizations and relationship except our government and market. in this essay, i will look back to the evolution of the concept “ civil society ”. it will be explaned keyining with the traditional conception and includes the theoretical foundation of civil society by aristotle, the clear traditionally conception of civil society by cicero, the reformation of the conception by so much attention to the civil sicoety paid by the ideologists, and the improvement of civil society theory
本文要了解公民社會概念的演變情況，從傳統意義上公民社會概念開始闡述，包括亞里士多德奠定公民社會理論基礎，西塞羅明確傳統意義的公民社會概念，阿奎那對公民社會概念的改造，契約論思想家對公民社會的重視，現代公民社會理論的提出和完善，包括黑格爾、馬克思、哈貝馬斯、阿托拉等人的各種觀點，理清公民社會概念在西方的發展歷程。Based on the default liability system and internal relations, the paper focuses on, discussing issues, reflecting the compensation rules in the contract restrictions and the needs to balance the interests of society
摘要本文從違約賠償責任制度的體系和內部關系討論問題，以體現出賠償限制規則在調整合同關系、平衡社會利益中的必要性、重要性和公平性。As a political body based on the principle of power - division and the theory of social contact, the constitution committee exercises extensive functions and powers upon which there are more practicable prescriptions concerned ; hence it plays an important role in the investigation of unconstitutional acts and the protection of citizens ' rights
憲法委員會是以分權制衡原則和社會契約論為依據而建立的政治機關，監督職能更廣泛、具體，有關規定可操作性強，在違憲審查、保障公民權利方面發揮著較大的作用。Institutional economics is its basic theoretical clue. the institutional approach includes : transaction cost is a basic view for housing finance institutions and a certain institution follows the principle of minimum transaction cost ; financial deepenness and financial function theories are important ways to understand housing finance institution ; a systematic institutional structure of housing finance comes from the interaction of social economy, culture and politics, and institutional bundling and embeddedness are common forms ; financial structure theory is a forceful quantitative way to analyses housing finance institutions ; minimization of transaction cost is the basic motivation for institutional transformation, and the basic ways are forced transformation and induced transformation ; equity and efficiency are basic criteria for evaluating housing finance institutions, which may implement through certain institutions while government acts as leverage between equity and efficiency. ( 2 ) multiformality and transformation of housing finance
制度經濟學是基本的理論線索，制度分析範式包括如下方面：交易成本是考察住房金融制度的基本視角，特定的住房制度安排遵循約束條件交易成本最小化原則；金融深化和金融功能理論是理解特定住房金融制度安排的重要輔助方法；整體性住房金融制度結構的形成是包括社會經濟、文化、政治等各類制度在內互相影響、平衡的產物，制度捆綁和制度嵌入是常見的形式；金融結構方法是用制度分析方法解釋住房金融制度的有力的定量分析工具；住房金融制度變遷的基本動因是交易成本最小化（外部收益內部化） ，變遷的基本方式是強制性變遷和誘致性變遷；公平和效率是住房金融制度評價的基本標準，公平和效率通過一定的制度安排可以同時實現，政府在住房金融制度中起著平衡公平和效率的杠桿作用。Secondly, i will take the public opinion of peking and shanghai around the may 30th movement as the center, compare views on the negotiation of the may 30th massacre, " abrogating treaties " and " revising treaties " among the people of all ranks and classes, reveal the trend of " anti - imperialism and abrogating treaties " becoming the main opinion, and discuss their influence to the foreign negotiation of the peking government
第二，以五卅運動前後北京、上海兩地的公眾輿論（ publicopinion ）為中心，比較社會各階層對于滬案交涉、 「廢約」及「修約」的看法和意見，揭示「反帝廢約」逐漸成為主流輿論的趨向，並探討它們對于北京政府對外交涉的影響。Thirdly, based on a comparative analysis of urbanization level, space density, municipal utilizes development, and a number of economic and technical data in property development and building industry in east, west and central china, it is concluded that there are tremendous differences in building industry between the west and the east area ; gaps in urban and rural construction and development between the west and east area are embodied by urbanization level ; construction and building industry occupies a protruding position in western economy, but industrial efficiency, technological and equipment level are weak links hindering further development and competition of the region ; the extent to which the real estate market develops is a sever barrier to normal development of property industry in western region
第三，在社會經濟發展比較的基礎上，界定了東西部建設行業技術經濟比較的范疇及指標體系，通過對東、中、西部城鎮化水平、空間密度、城市首位度、城市市政公用設施建設水平和房地產、建築業發展指標等技術、經濟數據的比較、實證分析，筆者得出了東西部地區在建設行業發展上存在較大差異，東西部地區城鄉建設和發展差異主要表現在城鎮化水平上；建築業在西部經濟中佔有突出地位，但行業效益和技術裝備水平是進一步發展和競爭中的薄弱環節；房地產市場的發育程度嚴重製約著西部地區房地產業的正常發展等主要結論。We have no reason not to make reference to and draw lessons from public wants theory and exchange theory which are based on the theory of contract and contract spirit. we should take contract spirit as the core and pivot point and point out the theory of tax credit to rethink profoundly, revise and enrich the theory of tax law in our country
我們沒有理由不借鑒和參考社會契約論的「契約及契約精神」為理論基礎的公共需要論和交換說稅收理論，以「契約精神」為支點和核心，提出稅收信用論，反思、修正、豐富我國稅法理論。This system can hardly achieve the expected effect and purpose. this paper, by using integrated public product supply, social autonomy, fee - collecting theory and through combining with the author several year ' s working experience and social investigation, study systematically and positively on the reasonability and feasibility of the system of one discussion over each matter, and its dilemma, restrictively factors, and method choosing
本論文的創新之處，就是綜合運用公共物品供給、社會自治、收費理論等方面的一觀點，結合筆者多年的工作實踐和社會調查，對「一事一議」籌資籌勞制度設計的合理性與可行性，困境與制約因素，以及對策選擇等方面進行了一次比較系統的理論分析與實證研究。The article, based an the research on the nature and history of shareholder ' s representative action system ( sras ), tried to explain the meaning and the function of sars, announces the legal principle or system, describes the right of that, thus demonstrates how to make the sars be the supervision and condition system of limited liability company on the basis of china ' s situation and the experience of other countries, improve civil action, promote the economic activities in good order
本文從法律角度，通過對股東代表訴訟制度的性質、歷史沿革的研究，指明了股東代表訴訟的意義和作用，揭示了其發揮作用的法理或機制，論述了股東訴訟代表提起權以及股東代表訴訟提起程序，從而指明了股東代表訴訟如何立足我國實際並借鑒各國有益經驗，成為加強股份有限公司的監督制約機制，完善民事訴訟，促進社會經濟活動向有序化方向發展的一種制度。( 4 ) theoretical analysis is proceeding on the relationship of highway construction and social economy development on the aspect of macro - economic. the definition of continuable harmony development of highway construction and social economic is given. it is set forth that evaluation model of highway construction and social economic harmony development with dea model and ahp confine cone, together with object scale of local highway network at different social
（ 4 ）從區域宏觀經濟學和協同學角度出發，對公路建設與社會經濟發展供求關系進行了系統的理論分析，給出公路建設與社會經濟可持續協調發展的定義，建立了公路建設與社會經濟協調發展的帶有ahp （層次分析法）約束錐的dea （數據包絡分析）評價模型和區域公路網在不同的社會經濟發展階段應具有的發展規模以及與發展階段相適應的路網等級結構的優化配置模型，通過實例對公路建設In this paper, in order to mend and perfect the basic theories of our national taxation law and improve the situation of conflict between the subjects of taxation and taxpayers in the traditional taxation law, the writer tries to employ the reasonable factors from the western theory of social contract, and takes the theory of public needs and the theory of exchanging for reference
在本文中，筆者試圖以西方「社會契約論」中的合理因素，借鑒和參考「公共需要論」和「交換說」 ，並比較分析了國外市場經濟較為發達國家和地區的稅法理論，來修正、完善我國稅法的基本理論。分享友人