表層語法 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [biǎocéngyǔfǎ]
表層語法 英文
surface grammar
  • 表 : Ⅰ名詞1 （外面;外表） outside; surface; external 2 （中表親戚） the relationship between the child...
  • 層 : i 量詞1 （用於重疊、積累的東西 如樓層、階層、地層） storey; tier; stratum 2 （用於可以分項分步的...
  • 語 : 語動詞[書面語] （告訴） tell; inform
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 表層 : skin layer; superficial coat; veneer; surface; sexine; bloom; supercrust; surface layer表層沉積 [...
  • 語法 : grammar; syntax
  1. A person who dews not deliberately dimples of all his thoughts alike in cumbrous draperies and flimsy disguises may strike out twenty varieties of familiar everyday language, each coming somewhat nearer to the feeling he wants to convey, and at last not hit upon that particular and only one which may be said to be identical with the exact impression in his mind

    一個人寫文章，只要他不是立志要把自己的真意用重重錦繡帳幔、層層多餘偽裝完全遮掩起來，他總會從熟悉的日常用語中想出一二十種不同的說法，一個比一個更接近他所要表達的情感，只怕到了最後，他還會拿不定主意要用哪一種說法才能最恰如其分地表達自己的心意哩！
  2. This thesis will rely on previous studies of instructions on the general rules and language functions, and modification of teacher talk to carry on a multi - layer study on junior middle school teachers " instructions with aspect of linguistic forms and language functions in chinese efl classrooms. after study on the transcriptions of 30 lectures ( 10 lectures are given by in - service teachers, 10 lectures are given by pre - service teachers and 10 lectures are given by the winners in fine - quality classroom competitions ) of efl classroom of junior middle schools in china, the major findings are : ( 1 ) the teachers likely use some devices with respect to prosody ( temporal variables ), lexis, syntax and discourse to simplify and clarify the complex instructions to match the requirement of junior middle school students " listening comprehension. ( 2 ) there are about three factors that cause the ineffective instructions

    本文在前人的關于教師語言的調整，指令語及其表達功能的研究基礎上以何安平教授建立《中學英語教育語料庫（ mstm ） 》中的近17 . 7萬字的子語庫《英語課堂教學語料庫（ msee ） 》為研究語料，選擇了其中30節初中英語課為研究對象，對教師指令語的言語形式及其語言功能進行了較為深入的描述分析，發現： （ 1 ）在音律層面，中國中學英語教師習慣川停頓來放慢語速或在一些難詞之前做停頓以便達到讓學生理解的要求：詞匯層面，教師慣用一些表達方式來給指令語；句法層面，教師也是盡量用簡單句來簡化指令語；語篇層面，初中英語課堂上教師常用一些信號詞來起始解釋性指令語，並少用宏觀語篇標記詞來幫助學生理解，但卻常用微觀語篇標記詞來吸引學生的注意力。
  3. Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

    基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。
  4. According to the program structure of ansi c, some syntax - tree - nodes are designed in front - end, including function, block, data structure, type, expression, identifier and so on. syntax tree is divided into three levels, namely program level, function level and block level, which are useful for analysis of syntax and semantic in compiler as well as transferring syntax tree into rtl. retargetable compiler mainly includes intermediate representation, machine description and interface technique between compiler and machine description

    編譯前端的實現技術包括詞法分析、語法語義分析和中間代碼生成技術等，針對ansic的程序結構，分別設計了函數、塊、數據結構、類型、表達式、標識符等語法樹結點，並將語法樹分成編譯層次、函數聲明和塊三個不同層次，使語法樹具有清晰的層次結構，有利於編譯程序的語法和語義分析，以及從語法樹到rtl中間表示的轉換。
  5. Aiming at this problem, the main research issues and achievements in this paper are as follows : bi - directional data transformation between rdb and xml with semantic constraints preserved for most of existing researches on static data transformation between xml and rdb, dtd is taken as the schema description language for xml, and the semantic constraints are often lost during the transformation process. to overcome these disadvantages, the author adopts xml - schema, a standard schema description language proposed by w3c to replace dtd, as the description method owing to its more powerful functions than dtd, and of course with the syntax much more complicated. after analyzing the constraints characteristics in both xml - schema and relational schema, a semantic constraints - preserved algorithm is proposed which can realize the bi - directional schema mapping between rdb and xml through a formalized description of xml based on regular tree and a general expression for relational schema based on direct graph approach

    保留語義約束的xml與rdb雙向靜態數據轉換技術現有研究大多採用dtd （ documenttypedefinition ，文檔類型定義）作為xml的模式描述語言，並且在模式映射過程中丟失語義約束信息，本文分析了xml - schema （ xml - schema採用與dtd完全不同的語法，數據描述能力更強同時也更為復雜，已被w3c確定為替代dtd作為xml模式描述語言的標準）及關系模式的語義約束特徵，通過基於正則樹的xml形式化描述方法以及基於有向圖的一般關系模式表示方法的研究，建立保留語義約束的xml - schema與關系模式的雙向模式映射演算法，實現了xml與rdb的雙向數據轉換，較好地解決了xml與rdb在靜態數據轉換層面的數據集成問題，可有效滿足企業大量rdb數據面向xml的發布以及與日俱增的xml數據存入rdb的應用需求。
  6. In addition, the paper designs a bottom database model, selects a multi - aim strategy combining files with known data, and establishes dual interaction data model that has explicit conceptual structure and directly aims to geographic objects, and provides backing up enquiry language ( g - sql ). simultaneously, after analyzing and studying methods available for the under pipelines, the paper constructs survey adjustment calculation model, and according to the model, checks the survey of under pipelines. the results indicate that the model is suitable to actual requirement because it greatly increase calculation speed, meeting calculation accuracy requirement

    在此基礎上，對系統的底層數據模型進行設計，選擇了文件與成熟數據庫相結合的混合策略，併兼顧面向對象的數據庫（ oodb ）和可擴充數據庫（ edb ）的特點，建立了一個概念層次清晰、面向地理對象實體的雙層語義數據模型以及支持模型的查詢語言g - sql ，同時對地下管線的各種測試方法進行分析研究，建立了地下管線測量平差計算模型，並以此對所勘測的地下管線進行核算，計算結果表明，計算模型不僅大大提高了核算的速度，同時在計算精度上也符合核算的要求，是符合實際要求的關于測量平差計算的模型。
  7. We could not thoroughly explore the stance, intention, preference, etc. of the respondent if merely drawing support from general structural and functional linguistic approach traditionally and we could not have a clear and thorough insight into speech connotation and speech reaction of the respondents in the court, either

    如果僅僅從傳統的結構和功能語法的角度來研究答話人的言語反應，我們還不能全面地剖析答話人在法庭上的言語意向和立場等。由prof . martin創始的語言評價理論沒有停留在語言的表層意義上，而是通過語言的表層意義看深層的意義取向。
  8. Many grammatical features of a language are purely superficial aspects of linguistic structure

    語言的許多語法特徵都純粹是語言結構的表層現象。
  9. Many approaches developed offer approximation solutions, including principle - based, such as purely syntactic ones, semantic and pragmatic ones, and statistics - based ones. in this paper, we put forward a modal to resolve anaphora ( including empty pronoun ) based on the characteristics of chinese. in this method, we apply some corresponding rules on the sentences after their patterns distinguished in the text, then analyze the semantic relation of the components of the sentence and form a corresponding semantic network, get rid of some candidates according to the co - constrain of the nodes in that network, put every component which refers to people into forward - looking centers, ordered by their semantic role, ascertain the hierarchy of sentences, analyze the transition types resulted by the scheme of different resolutions, finally, choice the most possible scheme of resolution according to the precedence of the types

    本文針對漢語的特點建立了一個包括零代詞在內的代詞消解模型:在語義結構文法思想的指導下，對文本中的句子模式識別后，採用相應的規則式，然後分析句中成分之間的表層語義條件並產生相應的語義網路，利用語義網路中結點間的相互約束對代詞的某些候選先行詞進行排除，並且把每句中指人的語言成分放到前向中心列表中，以它們所充當的語義成分為排序依據，確定句子的層次結構，最後依據中心理論分析每個候選先行詞對代詞的不同消解所造成的層次相鄰的句子之間的過渡類型，利用過渡類型的優先順序對代詞的候選先行詞進行擇優。
  10. The design of the classes of c2000 language grammar elements is of great benefit to the simplification of the whole procedure. the problem of memory management in syntax analysis is solved with an assistant list

    通過對c2000語言各語法成分類及其類層次的設計，簡化了整個實現過程，並通過引入輔助鏈表，解決了語法分析中空間管理的問題。
  11. At first system accomplishes chinese language automatic word segmentation and part - of - speech tagging through chinese input approach with word segmentation, then forms corresponding surface semantic network according to the semantic structure grammar, and finally gets corresponding data flow diagram and data dictionary according to the automatic generation algorithms of data flow diagram and data dictionary, the whole completion of the work, can not only provide a description environment of natural language for case, but also develop into the system which takes the question described on the basis of the natural language as the system ' s input

    工作的中心是自然語言篇章理解。系統首先通過分詞輸入法實現漢語自動分詞與詞性標注，然後根據語義結構文法產生相應的表層語義網路，最後根據數據流圖、數據字典自動生成演算法轉換為相應的數據流圖和數據字典。這項工作的徹底完成，不僅可以給case提供一個自然語言的描述環境，而且可進一步發展為基於自然語言描述問題作為輸入的系統。
  12. How to say is embodied in two levels, one is text level, the other is expression level

    怎麼說，體現在語音詞匯、語法修辭、句式篇章層面和主要是語氣節奏、停連重音的表達層面。
  13. The present paper has a review on the development of contrastive chinese - english studies from the 1990s, makes a comment on the representative works in this field, and shows us the progress of the contrastive studies, i. e. from the linguistic level to the philosophical level

    本文通過對九十年代以來漢英對比研究領域的代表性專著的述評，回顧和總結了國內十多年來漢英對比研究的研究成果，揭示了漢英對比研究從從語言表層到表現法的對比再到哲學層面的研究的發展歷程。
  14. Videotex presentation laye data syntax transparent data. cept recommendation t te 06 - 03, edinburgh, 1988

    視頻電文表示層數據.語法透明數據
  15. To ensure that this data can be exchanged between the systems involved, the representation layer transmits it in a standardized form ( e. g., by using abstract syntax notation ( asn. 1 ) or basic encoding rules ( ber ) )

    為了確保數據能在不同系統間進行交換，表示層以標準的格式傳遞它（通過使用抽象語法符號（ asn . 1 ）或基本編碼規則（ ber ） ） 。
  16. Through the academic investigation and studying in france, germany, japan, she has formed her works unique painting language : she has creatively merged the technique of expression of western fine arts, which emphasizes imposing manner, seriousness, and level sense, into chinese gongbi, which is elegant, fine, smooth, and fresh

    通過法國、德國、日本的學術考察及學習，她形成了其作品獨有的繪畫語言：中國工筆畫的飄逸、細膩、清新與西方美術注重氣勢、凝重、層次感的表現手法相互融合和創新。
  17. This article illuminates how to use various skills in pencil landscape sketch so as to attain the best painting effect though several aspects such as how to apply the modesty painting language and profound art form, paying attention to the dialectic relationship between frame sketch and cubage sketch, and using the method of light and shade arrangement to represent object thoroughly and abundantly and so on

    摘要該文在運用質樸的繪畫語言、高深的藝術形式，重視「結構素描」與「體積素描」的辯證關系，以及採用「明暗層次」法更深入、豐富地表現物體等方面，說明了如何在鉛筆素描風景畫中運用各種技法，使繪畫效果達到最好。
  18. During the reform movement of 1898, liang qichao tried his best to abolish the system of imperial examinations, the surface layer of spearhead pointed to the method that the estimate of traditional education system, but the deep pointed to the traditional chinese education itself, especially the course setting which was chaos, blur and mixed, which cut the road of setting up the system of modern chinese education, impelled the chinese course to become a independence

    在戊戌變法時期， 「康梁」竭力主張廢除科舉制度，矛頭表層指向傳統教育體系中的評價方式，客觀上則指向了傳統語文教育本身，尤其是其雜糅的課程設置，為建立現代語文教育體系開辟了道路，促使語文課程獨立設科。第二部分梁啟超的語文課程目標取向：梁啟超明確倡導教育要有目標。
  19. Based on which, we make an improvement on the modeling process of the scenario, and bring forward a modeling flow with three steps : from the conceptual model to the logical model, and, to the simulation model. and confirm uml and xml to be the model languages

    在此基礎上，依據知識表示方法的要求和航天裝備想定的特點，對現有的想定研究流程做了改進，提出了三層的建模過程:想定概念模型，想定邏輯模型，想定模擬模型，並選定uml和xml作為想定的建模語言。
  20. Cohesion, the main form of discoursal coherence, has traditionally been considered a grammatical and lexical device signaled by morphosyntactic cues such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion, which are apparently surface / explicit cohesive devices

    摘要傳統語言學認為，銜接是建立語篇連貫的一種重要的語法、詞匯手段，分剮由照應、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接等手段來體現，屬于表層顯性的語言銜接方式。
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