負擔法則 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [fùdānfǎzé]
負擔法則 英文
law of incidence
  • 負 : Ⅰ名詞1 （負擔） burden; load 2 （虧損） loss 3 （失敗） defeat Ⅱ動詞1 [書面語] （背） carry on th...
  • 擔 : 擔動詞1. （用肩膀挑） carry on a shoulder pole 2. （擔負; 承當） take on; undertake
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 則 : Ⅰ名詞1 （規范） standard; norm; criterion 2 （規則） regulation; rule; law 3 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ...
  • 負擔 : 1. （承當） bear （a burden）; shoulder 2. （承受的責任） burden; load; encumbrance; freight
  • 法則 : rule; law
  1. Our protection system of inheritance obligation should be improved in entity and procedure in all sides. in entity, basic principles should be confirmed that inheritance obligation must be protected by law ; the recognition of inheritance must be based on lawful status, assisted by a proviso ; the denoted properties from the decedent to the heir due to marriage, business, a mensa et thoro and so on after the decedent ' s death should be regarded as inheritance. inheritance obligation should only be that caused by the decedent ' s behavior, based on public law and private law

    我國的遺產債權保護機制應從實體和程序兩個方面全方位的予以改造? ?在實體法方面：首先確立「遺產債權受法律保護的基本原則」 ，遺產的界定應以法律地位說為基礎，另輔以但書，被繼承人生前對繼承人因結婚、營業、分居等事項所受之贈與應視為遺產，遺產債務只能是被繼承人生前行為所引起的公法和私法意義上的債務，不包括繼承費用，繼承費用雖由遺產支付，但只屬遺產的負擔。
  2. The third part of this article mainly discusses the causal relationship in market manipulation, which is a block of the enforcement of the law against market fraudulences. because market manipulation is a kind of special tort, the author agree on the use of the " proof to the contrary " theory to lighten the proof burden of the damaged party in causal relationship. besides, this part also discusses such issues as how to decide the scope of legal plaintiffs, how to assess the losses of the damaged party

    本文第三部分「操縱市場的因果關系研究」從民法一般的因果關系理論入手，並結合操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系的特殊性，論述了操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系是否成立的判斷標準，並主張對因果關系在民事訴訟中舉證責任的分配應突破「法律要件分類說」的要求，適用因果關系舉證責任倒置的做法，即由操縱市場案件中的被告負擔證明責任成立因果關系不成立的舉證責任，否則即推定因果關系成立。
  3. Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt

    第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。
  4. In order to be integrated with the international judicial system, china should establish the system of the defeated suitor bearing counsel fee as soon as possible, which involves defining the general rules of the defeated suitor bearing counsel fee, fixing the evaluation standard for the counsel fee borne by the defeated suitor, setting up the insurance system of counsel fee, and handling the relationship between the counsel fee bearing system and the lawyer aid system

    為與國際司法體制接軌，我國應盡快建立民事訴訟的律師費用由敗訴當事人負擔的制度，即確定「律師費用由敗訴方負擔」一般規則，確定由敗訴方承擔的律師費用的評定標準，建立律師費用保險制度，處理好律師費用負擔制度與律師援助制度的關系。
  5. Common law takes the view that the actor should take responsibility of what has done with the precondition of a valid contract. even analyzing the consideration theory of commom law, the unauthorized disposition wont lead to the lack of consideration then make the contract invalid the international demonstration law, representing the development trend of world law, even expresses the theory that unauthorized disposition had nothing to do with validation of contract in a more explicit way in their legislation. hence the countries with advanced civil law all think or tend to mink mat unauthorized disposition contract should n ' t be invalid just only because of the action of unauthorized. china civil law should also follow the trend

    英美法系則認為處分人應負權利擔保責任，而這一責任承擔的前提應是合同有效。即使從英美法系的約因理論分析，處分人無處分權也並不會造成缺乏約因，不會導致合同無效。代表了世界法律發展趨勢的國際示範法則更為明確地表達了處分人無處分權與合同效力沒有關系的思想。
  6. The opinions of experts on this subject are as follows : people in middle age are in a more stable stage of life, while people in old age have entered the deterioration stage. since people in old age engage in less activity and suffer from physical depletion, they should reduce their intake of food accordingly. otherwise, it is very easy for them to become overweight, which is a great enemy to the health of the elderly

    專家的看法：人到中年，屬于穩定期，進入晚年，更是衰老期，人步入晚年，活動減少，消耗減少，因此食量也應相對的減少，否則極易造成肥胖，而肥胖是老年健康的大敵，人到老年期，一切機能都在衰退中，如不適量地減食，會造成消化器官負擔過量，易染胃腸疾病。
  7. Therefore, it is necessary for china to establish new rule of distribution of evidential burden when new law is enacted or the current law is amended in the future, so as to diminish the evidential burden of private prosecutor in criminal cases of intellectual property right

    因此，中國在今後制定或修改法律時，應當確立新的舉證責任分配原則，從根本上減輕知識產權犯罪案件刑事自訴人的舉證負擔。
  8. It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

    論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。
  9. The precondition of studying the distribution of burden of proof in civil lawsuit is to correctly set theoretical definitions for burden of proof as well as the object of burden of proof. going through various viewpoints upon the distribution of burden of proof, they, guided by the substantive law and the principle of justice and fairness, have respective limitations, they strive for the predictability and stability of law, but unavoidably face the problem of little flexibility, which might make the results not so fair, the substantive standards highlight a great flexibility, but might cause careless judge due to the uncertainty of standards

    綜觀證明責任分配諸說，雖均以符合實體法宗旨與公平正義原則為指導思想，但各有其局限，形式性標準致力於實現法的可預測性與穩定性，但卻不可避免地存在靈活性不足的問題，可能使證明責任負擔的結果有欠公平，實質性標準實現了靈活性的長處，卻又存在因標準不確定導致法官恣意裁判危及正義的可能。
  10. According to this paper, when a negotiable instrument is altered, the man who have altered a negotiable instrument, the man whose negotiable instrument have been altered, the signer who have signed subsequent to the alteration, and the signer who can not discern his signature is previous or subsequent to the alteration, should assume consequential legal liability, the holder and payer of bills, and the signer who have signed subsequent to the alteration, all may assume risk responsibility ; and burden - sharing of risk responsibility refer to principle of equitable burden - sharing in civil law, and according to four kinds of recommended measure whose anther advance

    摘要票據變造時，票據變造人、被變造人、變造后簽章人以及不能辨別其簽章在變造之前或之後的簽章人應承擔相應的法律責任；票據持票人、付款人、變造后的簽章人都有負擔風險責任的可能性，而付款人的風險責任分擔上應採取公平原則、禁止反言原則等。
  11. The society is sure to execute help each other in all aid, according to law of large number, unified inside the limits of whole society raise money and regulate use fund, the force that relies on whole society is balanced burden and dispersive risk

    社會保險實行互助共濟，按照大數法則，在整個社會的范圍內統一籌集和調劑使用資金，依靠全社會的力量均衡負擔和分散風險。
  12. The society is sure to execute help each other in all aid, according to law of large number, unified inside whole society limits raise money and regulate use fund, the force that relies on whole society is balanced burden and dispersive risk ; 3 dispute profitability

    社會保險實行互助共濟，按照大數法則，在整個社會范圍內統一籌集和調劑使用基金，依靠全社會的力量均衡負擔和分散風險；三是非盈利性。
  13. Compared to other civil law countries, in china the legislation of inheritance obligation protection is too much based on principles and many faults exist in it : the legislation principles are n ' t perfect, the definition of inheritance is n ' t scientific enough, inherited debts and the charge to be paid are n ' t made clear. unconditionedly, limited succession results in the loss of balance in the protection of the heir and the obligee ( claimant )

    與其它大陸法國家相比，我國遺產債權保護立法過于原則，存在諸多缺陷：立法原則缺位；遺產界定不夠科學；遺產債務及應負擔的費用沒有明確；無條件限定繼承製度使繼承人和遺產債權人的保護機制失衡；缺乏有效的遺產管理制度；遺產債權的清償無程序法保障。
  14. Fresh loss is an emergency. but old losses you can ' t let go of are dead weight

    新近失去親人是一個緊急狀況。但是，對于過去的亡故無法釋懷則會給你帶來沉重心理負擔。
  15. In addition, it also proposes that it should be the basic value orientation of the criterion to make up for damages, based on social burden and the final aim of establishing national administrative compensation system. it also points out there are at least two criterion of liability in the system of our country, i. e., criterion of irregularity and criterion of error, which are adopted for different cases

    在此基礎上，基於社會負擔的思想理念和國家建立行政賠償制度之基本宗旨，提出行政賠償歸責原則應以彌補損害為基本價值取向，並認為在我國行政賠償歸責原則體系中，至少存在二種歸責原則:違法原則和過錯原則，不同領域應適用不同的歸責原則。
  16. In the second part, this thesis points out that in the formation of the provisions of contract of adhesion, the principle of faith should work as the guideline and the principle of fairness as the supplementary one. in the third part, this thesis asserts that the principle of interpretation favorable to counterpart should be applied in the explanation of contract of adhesion and also produces some concert ways for interpretation

    為了在實務中真正地堅持有利於相對人解釋原則，提出了一些具體的解釋方法：一是依相對人一般認識而為解釋；二是文字疑義的不利益，應歸使用人負擔；三是對于解釋免責條款或危險負擔轉移的條款時，應予從嚴解釋和限制解釋；四是定式條款與非定式條款不一致的，應採用非定式條款。
  17. An excellent alternative if you can afford it and the computer is capable of doing so is to boot from large capacity removable media like an iomega zip or jazz drive

    如果能負擔得起並且計算機支持，則一個極好的方法是從如iomega zip或jazz驅動器這樣的大容量可移去媒介引導。
  18. It also underpins our low tax policy and is an important tool in our striving to achieve a fiscal balance as stipulated in the basic law. there are certain exceptions to this principle whereby we would provide subsidies to services which are vital to the public and affect their livelihood, such as school fees and medical fees

    此外，這項收入有助實行低稅政策，並對我們致力達到《基本法》有關收支平衡的規定十分重要。政府實行這項原則，但也有例外的情況。政府會因應市民的負擔能力，補貼與市民息息相關和影響民生的服務，例如學費和醫療費用。
  19. Administer ' s legal behavior and its follw effect in social public affairs have caused special loses to the legal rights and interests of citizen, legal person and other organizations. the executive autority gives compensation to them according to the principle of fair burden for this loss. this is the origin of the concept " administrative compensation "

    行政補償的概念，是基於公共利益需要行政主體在管理國家和社會公共事務過程中的合法行政行為及該行為附隨效果，使公民、法人和其他組織的合法權益遭受特別的損失，行政機關依公平負擔的原則對此損失給予補償的法律制度。
  20. The dynamic distributed principia on the simulation module are given, as well as the dynamic analyses arithmetic on the load of the servers. the arithmetic which to test the data pertinence of the simulation module which driven by the data source is put forward. the dissertation also designs an efficient distributed arithmetic on the simulation module the concept of xml template is put forward to realize the save format and the backward - compatibility of visualize edit interface system

    研究過程中，作者確立了鬆散耦合分散式的系統架構；給出了模擬模塊動態分散式的原則和服務器負載狀況動態分析演算法，提出了數據源驅動的模擬模塊數據相關性檢測的演算法，設計了簡單而有效的模擬模塊動態分散式演算法；提出了xml模版的概念，實現了存儲格式和可視化編輯界面系統的向後兼容的問題；使用soap實現異構模擬組件的遠程調用與數據交換；提出模擬容器的模型來簡化異構組件間通信對二次開發造成的負擔；建立了模擬模塊自適應檢測的機制，達到模擬演算法系統的通用性。
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