違法成本論 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [wéifǎchéngběnlún]
違法成本論 英文
on cost of breaking the law
  • 違 : 動詞1. （不遵照; 不依從） disobey; defy; violate 2. （離別） part; leave; be separated
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 論 : 論名詞（記錄孔子及其門徒的言行的「論語」） the analects of confucius
  • 違法 : break the law; be illegal
  1. Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

    再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。
  2. As to the law basic, the thesis analyses it from two main aspects : the foundation of contract law and the foundation of tort law. the foundation of cl is supported by theories of contract - breaking responsibility and misfeasance responsibility in contracting ; the foundation of tl is the civil tort liability and it gives the analysis to the causation and the principle of imputation when the civil tort liability is tenable

    對證券交易民事責任的法律根據，本文主要從合同法基礎和侵權法基礎兩方面進行分析，其中，合同法基礎就在於違約民事責任理論和締約過失責任理論，而侵權法基礎則為侵權民事責任理論，並對作為侵權民事責任成立基礎的因果關系和歸責原則進行剖析。
  3. The theory of fault in the process of contacting and negotiation for contract was mentioned by germen jurits rudolf vou jhering in 1861. its meaning is when one party ' s civil wrong broke the statutory duty of reasonable care arisen from the principle of good faith, during the process of contacting and negotiation for contract, and cause other party ' s interests or reliance interest damages, the former must compensate for the later ' s loss. statutory obligation for fault in the process of contacting and negotiation for contract is different from that for breach of contract and that for tortuous acts

    本文主要從以下幾個方面對締約過失責任理論、法律制度方面需完善的問題進行探討：一、對締約過失責任的概念和構成進行探討：二、對締約過失責任中缺失的對精神損害救濟的法律規定問題進行全面、系統的分析、論述；三、論述了締約過失責任與違約責任並存和競合的情形，在合同法上應允許締約過失責任與違約責任的並存、競合，充分保護權利人的合法利益；四、對締約過失責任法律制度應注重對締約過失行為的監控問題進行探討。
  4. This part expounds the trial committee ' s : potential and shown defects in theory and practice from five aspects, the trial committee influences the judicial independence by main depriving judge ' s independent jurisdiction, to destruct the justice of the procedure, violate such as open trial, direct words, collegiate system, according etcs basic lawsuit principle, at the same time, as further deep demonstration, the author propose the trial committee cant ensured to realize justice too

    第五部分，審判委員會的缺陷，這一部分從五個方面詳細論述審判委員會制度潛在和表現出來的理論及實踐缺陷。作者認為，審判委員會以剝奪法官獨立審判權為核心影響了司法獨立，同時構成對程序正義的破壞，違背了諸如審判公開、直接言詞、合議制、迴避等基本訴訟原則。作為深一層的論證，作者也提出了審判委員會不能充分保障實質正義的實現。
  5. On the basis of this point of view and theories of civil law, it points out that delivery cargo by carrier without bill of lading is the breach of contract and may be the tort, however, while by agents of the carrier, it must be tort because of the non - contractual relationship between the holder of bill of lading and him. furthermore, this article gives out the solution to them. this paper also explains the defence of the carrier in the judicial practice and the effect of exemption clause in bill of lading

    在此基礎上，根據民法的基本理論，分析了不同的行為主體實施的無單放貨行為的性質，認為承運人實施的無單放貨行為對提單持有人構成了違約，並有可能對其構成侵權，因此往往形成違約責任和侵權責任的競合；而承運人的代理人或其他人因為與提單持有人之間沒有提單形成的權利義務關系，因此他的無單放貨行為只能構成侵權行為。
  6. At last, they go through those effects with time lag, measures by the audited entity and effects of them. 3 ) illuminating performance audit report of our government. auditors should always report the elementary things related to auditing, the brief about auditing, audit conclusion, those problems about follow - up auditing, the kind of undisclosed information and the reasons for being undisclosed and lawbreaking and rule breaking reported directly to the concerned mechanisms of government according to laws and rules

    一般來說，審計報告應包括以一下內容:與審計有關的基本情況，審計實施的簡要情況，審計結論（對經濟性、效率性和效果性的評價、對法律和規章的遵循情況、管理控制中存在的問題、重大管理成就、對糾正問題和改善公共管理活動的建議、被審計單位對審計發現和審計結論的意見） ，后續審計問題，未披露信息的性質和不予披露的理由，依法應直接向有關機構報告的違法違規行為。
  7. Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law

    第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。
  8. How to reduce the cost and have the biggest benefit for all the parties who offer a contract broken are not only a problem of economic but also a problem of law. basing on the cost analysis of the contract breach, this paper analyzes the forms of the contract breach compensation, calculations of the damage compensation, and the valid contract breach by using the analysis method of microeconomics. this is a preliminary research regarding the benefits analysis complemented by laws

    本文就是在分析合同違約成本的基礎上，採取微觀經濟學的分析方法，分析了違約賠償損失形式及其合理選擇、賠償損失額的計算、違約責任與侵權責任的競合及違約責任的歸責原則、怎樣降低違約現象的途徑等法律問題，在用效益的方法補充法學理論方面進行了初步探索。
  9. The administrative law circles of our country have made the following greater progress mainly in research of administering the state according to law : ( 1 ) have made several obvious achievements mainly in rules of organization of the administration and public servant law research, have offered t he theoretical foundation and practiced the scheme to the reform in government organization and formulation of civil servant ' s regulations of the eighties ; ( 2 ) break through pure management mode, propose administrative legal system principle, administrative supervision and supervise the administrative theory ; ( 3 ) strengthening the research of theory to supervision administrative theory, administrative legal liability and administration relieves the theory, to relevant administration ' s controlling, administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation system basic principle principle way, etc, have launched the deep discussion ; ( 4 ) research about the administrative liability for tort, encroach right and belonging to the responsibility principle, responsibility form, responsibility subject, bear responsibility way and as main administrative liability for tort administrative compensation research of issue of form, having made more achievements, " state compensation law " was just made out on this kind of sturdy and fruitful research foundation of the administrative law circles ; ( 5 ) the research field has expansion to a great extent

    我國行政法學界在依法行政的研究方面主要取得了如下較大進展： （ 1 ）在行政組織法和公務員法研究方面取得了若干明顯的成果，為80年代政府機構改革和公務員條例的制定提供了理論依據和實踐方案； （ 2 ）突破了純管理模式，提出了行政法制原則，行政監督和監督行政的理論； （ 3 ）加強了對監督行政理論、行政法律責任和行政救濟理論的研究，對有關行政監察、行政復議和行政訴訟制度的基本原理、原則、方式等，展開了深入的探討； （ 4 ）關於行政侵權責任的研究，在侵權歸責原則、責任構成、責任主體、承擔責任方式以及作為主要行政侵權責任形式的行政賠償問題的研究上，取得了較多成果， 《國家賠償法》正是在行政法學界的這種扎實且富有成效的研究基礎上制定出來的； （ 5 ）研究領域有了很大程度的拓展。主要研究領域包括行政法的基本理論，政府組織法、廉政建設、公務員法、行政立法、行政執法、行政司法、行政違法與行政責任、國家賠償、行政法制保障部門、行政管理法、行政救濟法、行政程序法等。
  10. The thesis study on the legislation situation, the legislation evolution of our countries ’ finance crime and the overseas legislation stipulation of the financial crime. the author think the financial criminal legislation of our country must form the coordinated financial criminal legal framework and change the penalty structure that is severe but was lax. the paper analysis the theory basis of on perfecting crime names by studying the illegal activity offend against the criminal law, the crime punishment legal principle and the crime punishment balanced principle, the criminal law modest and restrained principle and the criminal law investment cost and benefit analysis. finally the author puts forward the ideas that additionally build illegal gathers capital crime, merge forge, forges the national negotiable securities crime and forge, forges the stock, the bond of the company

    本論文從研究我國金融犯罪罪名的立法現狀、立法沿革及國外金融犯罪罪名的立法規定著手，認為我國金融犯罪立法尚待形成協調的金融刑事法律體系和改變「厲而不嚴」的刑罰結構，並從違法行為犯罪化的前提、罪刑法定原則和罪刑均衡原則、刑法謙抑性原則、刑法投入成本?效益分析角度出發，分析金融犯罪罪名完善的理論依據，最後從金融犯罪罪名增設、合併、分立、廢除四個角度，提出增設非法集資罪，合併偽造、變造國家有價證券罪與偽造、變造股票、公司、企業債券罪，分立內幕交易罪與泄露內幕信息罪，廢除偽造、變造、轉讓金融機構許可證罪的立法建議，並分析其可行性。
  11. After discussing the relations and differences between the nature of consciousness of social damage and the consciousness of being against law, the present paper explains its own viewpoint : consciousness of social damage is not the major component of deliberate crime, through the discussion on the consequence led by the condition that consciousness of social damage is the major component of deliberate crime

    本文在了解了社會危害性認識的實質與違法認識的聯系與區別后，通過論述犯罪故意成立以社會危害性認識為構成要件將導致的不利後果闡釋了自己的觀點：社會危害性認識不是犯罪故意的構成要件。
  12. As the constitutive requirement in traditional tort theory, faults and illegality fall into the same concept

    本文認為，傳統侵權理論中作為構成要件的違法性和過錯，屬同一概念。
  13. But in the theory field, the systematical and deeply research is not given, so the application of the rule of foreseeability appears the hazy and confused in the judicial practice. according to many questions about the rule in theory, the thesis expounds the theoretical development and legal values of this rule at first. then the thesis discusses about the theoretical composition of the rule, and holds the delinquent party should foresee that the range of compensation of damages is the damages caused by his breaking contract when he negotiates a contract. finally separately discusses on the relationship between the rule of foreseeability and the principle of complete compensation, between the rule and the doctrine of liability fixation for breach of contract, between the rule and the theory of causal relationship

    然而，理論界對可預見性規則尚缺乏系統、深入的研究，導致在司法實踐中對該制度運用時的迷茫和混亂。針對可預見性規則的諸多理論問題，本文首先對可預見性的理論發展、法理價值進行了闡述;其後就可預見性規則的理論構成進行了探討，認為違約一方在合同締結之時預見或應當預見到的因違約造成的損害為其損害賠償的范圍;最後對可預見性規則與完全賠償原則、違約歸責原則和因果關系理論的關系作了探討，認為可預見性規則存在的積極意義在於合理限制違約損害賠償范圍。
  14. On cost of breaking the law

    違法成本論
  15. In chapter, after explaining the relation between the definition of default and default incident, the author makes a definition that default probability is the borrowers ’ probability of incurring default incidents, followed by summary of the role of default probability playing in the credit risk management and comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of four modern famous credit risk models

    第二章對論文的基本概念進行界定。在本部分，指出現代違約定義由一系列違約事件構成，違約概率是指債務人發生違約事件的概率，介紹違約概率在信用風險管理中的地位，對各種違約概率估計方法進行了比較。
  16. Professor lang has suggested that shifting the burden of proof and collective litigation should be applied on our securities supervision. professor ' s advice may be theoretically effective, meanwhile the amendment of law will need a long time in the procedure. therefore, it seems that the choice of improving the ability of discrimination deals with concrete matters relating to work in reality

    郎咸平教授曾提出辯方舉證和集體訴訟的監管思維，這種增加違規成本的思路從理論上說要比加大查處力度有效;但要將其寫入證券相關法律中卻需要漫長的等待，在時不我待的我國證券市場上，加大查處力度、提高識別違規行為概率無疑是現階段更加務實的選擇。
  17. Every negligent tort shares three requirements : duty of care, breach of duty, and damage. based on the said three requirements, the article addresses the cpa ’ s civil liability for negligence

    本文主要以普通法國家過失侵權的構成要件:注意義務、注意義務的違反及損害為主線來論述過失侵權下注冊會計師民事責任問題。
  18. This thesis mainly studies the drawbacks of the internet cafe in macau and the reason of which, lists out the adverse effects brought about to the youths by the unregulated internet cafes, including damage on health, environmental safety, crime commission, and also leads to psychological health damage. this is because in the virtual internet world, youths live in virtual environment which easily leads to youths closing up themselves at human relationship, thus resulting in isolation on family and social relationship and generating lonely character ; in addition, youths have weak sense of self control and self protection, they lack the ability to prevent danger. once they indulge themselves in the internet cafe overnight for long, this will cause great damage to their academic performance, health and thinking, the internet cafe becomes youths " " nursery bed of crime ", and " electronic cocaine " that harms them

    本論文主要探討澳門現行網吧之弊端以及其產生之原因，羅列無規管的網吧給青少年帶來身體健康的傷害、環境安全的侵害、違法犯罪的危害外，還會導致心理健康的損害；因為，在虛擬的網路世界中，青少年活在虛構的環境下，容易造成人際關系的封閉，引致親子關系及人際關系的疏離，使青少年養成孤僻性格，加上自我控制能力和自我保護能力意識薄弱、危險防預能力缺乏，一旦通宵達旦沉湎於網吧，對其學業、健康和思想造成很大的危害，更成為青少年「罪惡的溫床」 ，荼毒青少年的「電子海洛因」 。
  19. Of course, with the study of the model in dynamic relation of incomplete information before loan and the model in dynamic relation of complete information after loan between banks and enterprises, the paper could say we would reduce credit risk from controlling the rate of profit before loan, the cost of bank ’ s pressing for payment of debt after loan etc. the second part is studding the measurement method of credit risk. the paper introduce a few models including credit monitor model, credit metrics, credit risk + etc.

    在這部分，本文主要運用博弈論與信息經濟學的方法，對銀行與企業在貸款申請階段的不完全信息動態博弈與在貸款歸還階段的完全信息動態博弈進行了一系列研究，從而得出有效控制企業貸款申請階段提出的收益率及貸款歸還階段銀行的催款成本、企業違約的損失、銀行對企業的懲罰等一系列指標，將會有效的減少銀行信用風險的產生。
  20. One, notarization possesses the function to certify the authenticity and legality of the legal facts and documents and prevents illegal acts. additionally, it represents the state to intervene properly in the private fields and functions as judicial prevention and judicial supervision. two, the development of the market economy needs a set of judicial regulation with the character of low cost, simple procedure, fast efficiency and full function

    第二章從三個方面分析了公證成為社會信用建設之中堅力量的理論根據: （一）公證具有證明法律事實、文書的真實、合法性，以及作為一般的民事違法行為的預防工具的法律服務功能，此外，公證是國家公權力對私權一定領域的干預，輔助國家進行間接管理，發揮司法預防和司法監督的職能作用; （二）市場經濟的發展，需要一個與之相適應的低成本、簡程序、高效率、功能完備的司法制度體系。
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