burden of proof 中文意思是什麼
burden of proof
解釋
舉證費-
Chapter 4 it is about harmonizing incidental obligation and relative contractual mechanisms. hereby the author proposes within his ability on issues, such as coincident performance counterplea, force majeure, definition of breach liability, breach of incidental obligation and burden of proof
第四章本章探討附隨義務與合同相關制度的協調，對于附隨義務合同時履行抗辯權、不可抗力以及違約責任的定義、附隨義務的違反和舉證責任等問題提出一管之見。 -
As the important constituent of the presumption rule, fact presumption is a rule of when the fact prove falls into the difficult position, according to the deduction by the common sense, the judge forms a temporarily inner conviction to the factum probandum under the proof standard, and shifts the subjective burden of proof between the litigants, thus helps the part to overcome the condition of facts prove
作為事實認定的重要組成部分，事實推定是裁判者在案件事實的證明陷入困境時，根據經驗法則進行推理，在證明標準之下，暫時形成對案件待證事實的心證，並在當事人之間轉移主觀證明責任，從而避免訴訟陷入僵局，排除當事人舉證困難的證明法則。 -
Res ipsa loquitur is the legal doctrine that shifts the burden of proof from the plaintiff ( o the defendant
只有在事實本身說明（ res工psaloquitur ）的情況下，舉證責任才由原告方轉移到被告方。 -
In continental law system countries, burden of proof includes burden of adducing evidence, burden of persuasion. burden of adducing evidence means that the subjects in criminal procedure who initiate trial procedure and require the courts to judge according to their demands or subject whom there is presumption against must adduce adequate " evidence of the fact to prove that the evidence is on the demand of proof. otherwise the subjects will fail in the suit
筆者認為，刑事訴訟證明責任，是指在刑事訴訟中引起審判程序啟動並要求法院依其主張裁判或存在對其不利之法律推定的刑事訴訟主體，必須就其主張的對定罪量刑具有決定作用的待證特定事實或者為推翻不利的推定事實提出足夠證據，並利用證據對該事實或或者為推翻不利的推定事實加以證明到法律規定的程度。 -
Appellate body also has corrected the legal mistakes appeared in the panel process, maintained integrity of wto regulations, established the principles like burden of proof and judicial economy, which now are widely used in the dsb process
維護了wto規則的統一性。上訴機構還通過對. 「影響羊毛衫進口的措施案」的審理確立了盯0爭端中的舉證原則和司法經濟原則。 -
With the improvement in the overall diathesis and operational capabilities of chinese law professionals, the issue on the distribution of burden of proof has increasingly become the focus in the court debates
隨著我國法律工作者整體素質及業務能力的提高，證明責任分配問題也日漸成為法庭辯論的焦點。 -
In the forth part, the writer discusses the conditions when judge exercises the right of discretion in allocating the burden of proof. there are four conditions as followed : l, court proceeding and court debate have ended ; 2, non liquet ; 3, not regulated by law ; 4, not regulated by judicial interpretation
在論述遵循誠實信用原則時，作者認為應考慮以下幾個方面:一是以不正當方法形成有利於自己的訴訟狀態;二是惡意訴訟;三是濫用訴訟權利、拖延訴訟;四是翻悔自認;五是提供證據的不正當行為。 -
Discharge a burden of proof
履行舉證責任 -
In recent years, the cases of medical torts have been increased dramatically. the medical tort litigation has roused wide attention in the society. in the medical litigation, the burden of proof is directly affects the fair settlement of the case and balance of the two parties " benefits
本文開篇即指出近年來醫療事故的發生率急劇上升，因此而引發的醫療侵權訴訟已引起社會的廣泛關注，而其中的舉證責任問題則關繫到能否公正審理醫療侵權案件、平衡醫患雙方的利益，由此引出醫療侵權訴訟的舉證責任問題。 -
Having this in mind, researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law. meanwhile, taking into account the specialties of shipping law, this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules, hague - visby rules, hamburg rules, draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ), china maritime code and china contract act 2000
有鑒於此，本論文對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的研究是建立在對一般民事舉證責任分析的基礎上，結合海商法特點，重點對《海牙規則》 、 《海牙威斯比規則》 、 《漢堡規則》 、美國1999年海上貨物運輸法草案以及我國《合同法》 、 《海商法》對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的規定做了具體的比較和分析。 -
In the third part, the writer firstly is in an attempt to analyze rules of burden of proof in the importantly international conventions, namely hague rules, hague - visby rules and hamburg rules. by paying a close scrutiny on judicial precedents in different countries, the different approaches on the burden of proof in these conventions have been further stressed. under the international criticisms towards these approaches, the united states has drafted its carriage of goods by
另一方面，在各國對規則要求進行修改的呼聲中，美國已推出了1999年海上貨物運輸法草案，美國作為世界上經濟一大強國，這部法律的出臺肯定會對我國海商領域產生重大的影響，在該草案中在舉證責任方面做了許多有別于現有國際公約的規定，因此在本論文中對美國99cogsa的相關規定也做了具體評析。 -
On account of the circumstances, this article attempts to study the system of burden of proof and the principle of its allocation in the collision actions, and then, based on the character of legal system in china and theories of maritime judgement, it tries to analyse the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea, 1972, dig out some problems and put forward some idio - points of view. in the last section of this thesis, the author analyses and inquires into how to institute a rule of burden of producing evidence for collision actions in our country and deems which is propitious to keep the development of shipping in order
有鑒于上述現狀，本文立足於本國法制特徵，在先輩的民事舉證責任制度理論成果基礎上，借鑒英美典型海事判例確定的舉證責任原則，對船舶碰撞中的舉證責任及其分配製度進行了考察；並從舉證責任分配規則的理論角度對1972年《國際海上避碰規則》進行了大膽的評析，在發現問題的基礎上提出了一些個人的觀點，以作為海事司法實踐的參考。 -
In the issue of this type, the subjects of the right of action only are those investors who deal with insider simultaneously in the opposite direct ion. the rule of burden of proof inverted is suitable to the issue of inside dealing
在該類案件中，有權提起訴訟的原告只能是與被告同時從事相反方向交易的投資者，證明責任的分配適用舉證責任倒置規則。 -
The conclusion is that judicial notice has an impact on burden of proof, but the impact is only limited to the secope of subjective burden of proof
但是司法認知隻影響主觀證明責任的分配，而與客觀證明責任沒有實質的關聯。 -
For the function of burden of proof, the author holds that burden of proof functions settled disputes impartially, to prevent judicial office from abusing state ' s power, and to confine misusing the right to initiate a private prosecution or the right to defend and to promote efficiency
在功能方面，筆者認為，證明責任具有公正解決糾紛、阻止權力濫用、限制自訴權和應訴權不當行使及提高訴訟效率四個方面的功能，並進行了詳細的論述。 -
One ( the burden of producing evidence ) shifts, the other ( the burden of proof ) does not. based on the result of comparative research, this thesis tries to study the relevant question in china
就我國來講，從以前簡單從提供證據的責任論文摘要、中文）作為該領域問題的主導思想，到最新的司法解釋確立證明責任解決問題的思想，我國的理論和實踐都已經發生了相當的變革。 -
The trial has become more transparent than ever. the rule of burden of proof has be performed. the efficiency of trial has been improved a lot
重點對我前提下，他們的改革目的不是追求柳字公正，而是簡化程序，提高效率，降低成本。 -
In chapter three, the author makes a detailed discussion on different theories of allocation of burden of proof in china ' s criminal procedure after a brief introduction to theories of allocation of burden of proof in foreign countries. then, the author puts forward that. the public security organs, the people ' s procuratorates and the private prosecutor should bear the burden of proof in criminal procedure in china, and the accused bear the burden of proof only when there is presumption against him
本文第三章在概柱外國刑事訴訟證明責任分配的基礎上，對我國刑事訴訟證明責任分配各學說進行述評，認為在我國刑事訴訟中應按照「概然性」標準分配證明責什，即由公安機關、人民檢察院和自訴人承擔案件實體事實方面的證明責被告人只有在存在不利3去律推定的條件下，才承擔證明自己無罪的責任。 -
As the consummation of the social ist marketing economy system, the evidence rule should be correctly applied to direct the civil and commercial arbitration practice, each party " s burden of proof should be reasonably distributed, the direct relation between parties producing evidence and the arbitral award should be intensified, and the system of the parties producing evidence should be ensured, therefore, the system of the burden of proof can give its full play
因此，在仲裁程序設計l ! 『 ，具有一銘套能夠保障當事人履行舉誡責仟的拈施和手段，並山此而形成保障舉證責任祝以落實的常規機制，已成為仲裁理論』川水婦湃究的重要內容。對此，我認為應』 『訂l :建眾指濘、 』勺事人舉誡制 -
The structure and framework of this paper set out in the order of burden of proof in marine cargo claim, focusing on the substantial points laid down above which need to be proved. the detailed discussion and analysis keep in line with the questions of " who bear the burden of proof ? when does the burden of proof occur
第三部分首先是對在海商法方面，對國際航運最具影響的國際公約《海牙規則凡《海牙威斯比規則》及《漢堡規則》下舉證責任問題的分析，比較了《規則》對各項實體事實的條文規定的異同，並通過各國判例的比較，進一步分析各國司法實踐中在適用各個國際公約對案件進行審理時所採的態度之異同。
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