contract of carriage by sea 中文意思是什麼

contract of carriage by sea 解釋
海上貨物運輸契約
  • contract : n 1 契約，合同。2 婚約。3 承包（合約）。4 【法律】契約法。5 【牌戲】定約，合約橋牌。6 〈主英方〉...
  • of : OF ＝Old French 古法語。
  • carriage : n 1 車；（四輪）馬車；〈英國〉（鐵路）客車車廂（＝〈美國〉car）；【航空】牽引車；（汽車的）座位。...
  • by : adv 1 在側，在旁，在附近。2 （擱）在一邊，（放）到旁邊，（存）在一旁；收著。3 （由旁邊）經過，過...
  • sea : SEA ＝ Southeast Asia 東南亞。n 1 海；海洋；內海；大（淡水）湖。2 〈pl 或與不定冠詞連用〉海面（狀...
  1. According to china ' s maritime code, the liabiiity of breaching a contract of carriage of goods by sea is determined by whether the breaching party has f8ult or not, while it aiso stipuiates in articie 51 that ; " the carrier shaii not be iiable for the loss of or damage to the goods occurred during the period of carrier ' s responsibility arising or resulting from any of the foiiowing causes ( ( 1 ) fault of the mastef, crew members, pilot or servant of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship "

    我國海商法在海上貨物運輸方面的承運人違約責任之歸責採取過錯責任原則，但因其在第51條又規定「船長、船員、引航員或者承運人的其他受僱人在駕駛船舶或管理船舶中的過失」承運人不負賠償責任。因為這一點，海商法學界稱之為不完全過失責任制。
  2. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, where a contract of carriage by sea provides explicitly that a specified part of the carriage covered by the said contract is to be performed by a named actual carrier other than the carrier, the contract may nevertheless provide that the carrier shall not be liable for the loss, damage or delay in delivery arising from an occurrence which takes place while the goods are in the charge of the actual carrier during such part of the carriage

    雖有前款規定，在海上運輸合同中明確約定合同所包括的特定的部分運輸由承運人以外的指定的實際承運人履行的，合同可以同時約定，貨物在指定的實際承運人掌管期間發生的滅失、損壞或者遲延交付，承運人不負賠償責任。
  3. If parties to a contract do not expressly or impliedly choose the applicable law, the proper law for the contract should be constructed through the rule of closest connection. this paper states the proper law for various kinds of contracts of carriage of goods by sea based on the rule of closest connection

    但上述所講的是通常情況下的法律選擇原則，如果從整體情況看，運輸合同與另一個國家的關系更為密切，則前面所確定的一般推定準據法不予適用，而應適用與合同有更密切聯系的國家的法律。
  4. Having this in mind, researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law. meanwhile, taking into account the specialties of shipping law, this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules, hague - visby rules, hamburg rules, draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ), china maritime code and china contract act 2000

    有鑒於此，本論文對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的研究是建立在對一般民事舉證責任分析的基礎上，結合海商法特點，重點對《海牙規則》 、 《海牙威斯比規則》 、 《漢堡規則》 、美國1999年海上貨物運輸法草案以及我國《合同法》 、 《海商法》對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的規定做了具體的比較和分析。
  5. Shipper is an important party among contract of carriage of goods by sea

    在海上運輸合同中，托運人是一個十分重要的主體。
  6. In different legal system, that is distinct. ship owner, ship manager and shipping agent, taking part in the transport trade, always affect finding the carrier. in many countries, " carrier " means any person by whom or in whose name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a shipper

    不同法律制度下， 「承運人」的定義有所區別： 《海牙規則》把承運人限定為與托運人訂有海上運輸契約的船舶所有人和承租人； 《漢堡規則》及包括我國在內的多數國家把承運人定義為與托運人訂有海上運輸契約的任何人。
  7. Writer ' s view of point is that delivery of cargo without original bills of lading has the character of breaching of the contract, because releasing cargo against original bills of lading is carrier ' s legal liability in carrying out the carriage of goods by sea. also it has the character of action in tort, as if the actions violate the civil law of liability in tort, the doer shall take on the liability of compensation. however when actions are both of breach and in tort, the chinese law gives the victim the rights to choose to sue in tort or of breach, but some limitations in applying substantive law

    第二章論述無單放貨的法律性質，筆者認為，無單放貨具有違約性，因為保證憑正本提單交付貨物是承運人在履行海上貨物運輸合同中的一項法定義務；無單放貨具有侵權性，只要無單放貨行為構成承擔侵權行為民事責任的要件，無單放貨行為人就必須承擔賠償責任；同時，無單放貨的違約性和侵權性可能構成責任競合時，我國法律允許受害人可以選擇一個訴因行使其請求權，但對實體法請求權的選擇，法律作出了一定范圍的限制；最後，無單放貨在某種程度上促進了航運業的發展，我們不能一概加以否定，無單放貨在特定情況下具有一定的合理性。
  8. Article 41 a contract of carriage of goods by sea is a contract under which the carrier, against payment of freight, undertakes to carry by sea the goods contracted for shipment by the shipper from one port to another

    第四十一條海上貨物運輸合同，是指承運人收取運費，負責將托運人托運的貨物經海路由一港運至另一港的合同。
  9. Coa is a contract of carriage of goods by sea in essence, under which the carrier, during the agreed period, against payment of freight undertakes to carry the goods in agreed amount for divided shipments by the shipper from the agreed loading port to the discharging port. during implementation, the specific voyages should be governed by the agreed voyage chaterparty which is agreed upon between shipper and carrier after the conclusion of coa

    通過比較分析，作者認為，包運合同是指，承運人在約定期間內分批將約定數量貨物從約定裝貨港運至約定目的港的協議，在履行協議過程中，依航次租船合同對分批具體航次履行作進一步約定，最終實現承運人提供海上貨物運輸服務並收取運費的目的的海上貨物運輸合同。
  10. " luggage " means any article or vehicle shipped by the carrier under the contract of carriage of passengers by sea, with the exception of live animals

    （四） 「行李」 ，是指根據海上旅客運輸合同由承運人載運的任何物品和車輛，但是活動物除外。
  11. Article 80 where a carrier has issued a document other than a bill of lading as an evidence of the receipt of the goods to be carried, such a document is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over by the carrier of the goods as described therein

    第八十條承運人簽發提單以外的單證用以證明收到待運貨物的，此項單證即為訂立海上貨物運輸合同和承運人接收該單證中所列貨物的初步證據。
  12. Cargo arrival notice in contract on carriage of goods by sea

    水路貨物運輸合同中承運人的到貨通知義務
  13. In the contract of carriage of goods by sea, several parties locating in different countries are involved, therefore the issue of applicable law to the contract is complicated and the disputes on application of law frequently arise

    國際海上貨物運輸合同包括件雜貨運輸合同、航次租船合同、定期租船合同和光船租船合同四種。本文主要對件雜貨運輸合同和航次租船合同以及提單的法律適用問題進行研究。
  14. Article 110 the passage ticket serves as an evidence that a contract of carriage of passengers by sea has been entered into

    第一百一十條旅客客票是海上旅客運輸合同成立的憑證。
  15. Article 107 a contract of carriage of passengers by sea is a contract whereby the carrier undertakes to carry passengers and their luggage by sea from one port to another by ships suitable for that purpose against payment of fare by the passengers

    第一百零七條海上旅客運輸合同，是指承運人以適合運送旅客的船舶經海路將旅客及其行李從一港運送至另一港，由旅客支付票款的合同。
  16. Studying on general law principle, up - date views in maritime circle as well as the shipping practice, the article is written to research the possibility and reality of the second shipper and offers own opinion on its role in contract of carriage of goods by sea, trying to achieve better understanding on law application towards this issue, hoping to find out the true profile of law which could smooth the practice

    本文通過一般法律原則，現有的海商法理論以及航運業務的實踐來論證第二種托運人現象的可能性和現實性，並就此提出了自己的看法，著重解決第二種托運人的法律適用問題，分析了法律適用時必須在航運業務中予以澄清的若干問題。試圖通過這一思考過程，能對《海商法》的定義有更清晰的認識，並希望以此減少一些在實際業務中對相關問題的困惑。
  17. " carrier " means any person who, in a contract of carriage undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, sea, air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes

    「承運人」指在運輸合同中，承諾通過鐵路、公路、空運、海運、內河運輸或上述運輸的聯合方式履行運輸義務的任何人。
  18. （ b ） paragraph （ a ） of this bill of lading shall be applicable and the carrier shall be entitled - to avail itself of all rights or immunities provided for in the carriage of goods by sea act of the united states, approved april 16, 1936, although the contract of carriage evidenced by this bill of lading is not for the carriage of goods by sea to or from ports of the united states ; however, if this bill of lading is issued in canada, and contains or is evidence of a contract for the carriage of goods by water in a ship or ships carrying goods from any port in canada to any other port, whether in or outside canada, then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the rules as applied by the water carriage of goods act, 1936, of the dominion of canada, and said act and rules shall be deemed incorporated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities, or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said act and rules, and if any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said act and rules to any extent, such term shall be void to that extent, but no further

    在適用本提單第1條規定時，承運人有權享有1936年4月16日的美國《海上貨物運輸法》所規定的各項權利或豁免權，即使本提單所證明的運輸合同不是有關來往美國港口的海上貨物運輸；然而，如果本提單是由加拿大所簽發，且該提單是運輸合同或是一個從加拿大的任何港口將貨物用船舶水運到其他港口（不論此港口是否在加拿大）的合同證明，本提單的效力依據1936年《貨物水運法》的規則規定，且適用於加拿大領域，上述水運法和規則規定應視為是本提單的一部分，本提單的任何規定不得視為承運人放棄任何權利或豁免權，或增加水運法和規則所規定的責任或義務，凡與上述水運法和規則抵觸的本提單的條款，在抵觸范圍內無效。
  19. B ) paragraph ( a ) of this bill of lading shall be applicable and the carrier shall be entitled - to avail itself of all rights or immunities provided for in the carriage of goods by sea act of the united states, approved april 16, 1936, although the contract of carriage evidenced by this bill of lading is not for the carriage of goods by sea to or from ports of the united states ; however, if this bill of lading is issued in canada, and contains or is evidence of a contract for the carriage of goods by water in a ship or ships carrying goods from any port in canada to any other port, whether in or outside canada, then this bill of lading shall have effect subject to the provisions of the rules as applied by the water carriage of goods act, 1936, of the dominion of canada, and said act and rules shall be deemed incorporated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities, or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said act and rules, and if any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said act and rules to any extent, such term shall be void to that extent, but no further

    在適用本提單第1條規定時，承運人有權享有1936年4月16日的美國《海上貨物運輸法》所規定的各項權利或豁免權，即使本提單所證明的運輸合同不是有關來往美國港口的海上貨物運輸;然而，如果本提單是由加拿大所簽發，且該提單是運輸合同或是一個從加拿大的任何港口將貨物用船舶水運到其他港口（不論此港口是否在加拿大）的合同證明，本提單的效力依據1936年《貨物水運法》的規則規定，且適用於加拿大領域，上述水運法和規則規定應視為是本提單的一部分，本提單的任何規定不得視為承運人放棄任何權利或豁免權，或增加水運法和規則所規定的責任或義務，凡與上述水運法和規則抵觸的本提單的條款，在抵觸范圍內無效
  20. " carrier " means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform orto procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes

    「承運人」指任何人在運輸合同中，承諾通過鐵路公路空運海運內河運輸或上述運輸的聯合方式履行運輸或由他人履行運輸。
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