damaged party 中文意思是什麼

Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。

The third part of this article mainly discusses the causal relationship in market manipulation, which is a block of the enforcement of the law against market fraudulences. because market manipulation is a kind of special tort, the author agree on the use of the " proof to the contrary " theory to lighten the proof burden of the damaged party in causal relationship. besides, this part also discusses such issues as how to decide the scope of legal plaintiffs, how to assess the losses of the damaged party

本文第三部分「操縱市場的因果關系研究」從民法一般的因果關系理論入手，並結合操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系的特殊性，論述了操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系是否成立的判斷標準，並主張對因果關系在民事訴訟中舉證責任的分配應突破「法律要件分類說」的要求，適用因果關系舉證責任倒置的做法，即由操縱市場案件中的被告負擔證明責任成立因果關系不成立的舉證責任，否則即推定因果關系成立。

Reasons why this phenomenon produces are in many aspacts, it has not merely damaged the images of party and government, and has destroyed the execution of the fundamental state policy seriously

這一現象產生的原因是多方面的，它不僅損害了黨和政府的形象，而且嚴重破壞了基本國策的執行。

In such a phase when the contractual relation is already established, one party is more liable to trust the opposite party, invests actively and prepares for the taking effect and fulfilling of the contract. if one party abandons the trust of the other, makes out conducts which violate the principle of good faith, such as tearing up the contract unilaterally disposing the object of the contract presumptuously, and so on, the other party " s advantage will be damaged very easily

在合同未生效階段，由於當事人之間的合同關系已經確立了下來，他們比起在締約階段更有理由對相對方產生信賴，從而積極地做出投資，為合同的生效、履行作準備，倘若此時一方背棄另一方的信賴，做出單方面撕毀協議、擅自處分合同標的物等違背誠實信用原則的行為，極容易給對方造成損害。

? answers : the estate of following scenario is registered, party can apply for alone ; ? ( of droit of 1 ) land access or building, attachment initiative register ; ? ( because 2 ) accedes or the move that bequeath acquires estate is registered ; ? ( the court decision that 3 ) has produced legal effectiveness because of courtyard of person civil code, ruling and the concerning that mediate and acquire estate right are registered ; ( 4 ) change is registered ; ? ( 5 ) is used because of land year period of at the expiration of one ' s term of office cancel register ; ? ( 6 ) destroys because of estate right certificate break, damaged and afresh explain get, change get estate right certificate to wait other register

?答：下列情形的房地產登記，當事人可單獨申請； ? （ 1 ）土地使用權或建築物、附著物所有權的初始登記； ? （ 2 ）因繼續或遺贈取得房地產的轉移登記； ? （ 3 ）因人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定和調解而取得房地產權利的有關登記； （ 4 ）變更登記； ? （ 5 ）因土地使用年期屆滿的注銷登記； ? （ 6 ）因房地產權利證書滅失、破損而重新申領、換領房地產權利證書等其他登記。

The estate of following scenario is registered, party can apply for alone : ( of droit of 1 ) land access or building, attachment initiative register ; ( because 2 ) accedes or the move that bequeath acquires estate is registered ; ( the court decision that 3 ) has produced legal effectiveness because of courtyard of person civil code, ruling and the concerning that mediate and acquire estate right are registered ; ( 4 ) change is registered ; ( 5 ) is used because of land year period of at the expiration of one ' s term of office cancel register ; ( 6 ) destroys because of estate right certificate break, damaged and afresh explain get, change get estate certificate to wait other register

下列情形的房地產登記，當事人可以單獨申請： （ 1 ）土地使用權或建築物、附著物所有權的初始登記； （ 2 ）因繼續或遺贈取得房地產的轉移登記； （ 3 ）因人民法院已經發生法律效力的判決、裁定和調解而取得房地產權利的有關登記； （ 4 ）變更登記； （ 5 ）因土地使用年期屆滿的注銷登記； （ 6 ）因房地產權利證書滅失、破損而重新申領、換領房地產證書等其他登記。

International goods business risk transfer system major objective is to need to ascertain the problem being not that the goods being caused by fault by interested party is damaged, whom the risk of loss comes to bear it by

摘要國際貨物買賣風險轉移制度的主要目的是要確定非由當事人過錯所致的貨物毀損、滅失的風險由誰來承擔的問題。

In case the premise and attached facilities are damaged by quality problems, natural damages or disasters, party a will be responsible to repair and pay the relevant expenses

房屋設施如因質量原因、自然損耗或災害而受到損壞，甲方有修繕並承擔相關費用的責任。

In case the premise and attached facilities are damaged by quality problems, natural damages or accidents, party a will be responsible to repair and pay the relevant expenses

房屋設施如因質量原因、自然損耗、不可抗力或意外事件而受到損壞，甲方有修繕並承擔相關費用的責任。

When cargos is found to be damaged of shortlanded ， this party has to call for a joint survey by representatives of the shipping company and the insurance agent. based on the survey report ， they will lodge a claim for compensation

其中，當事人必須仔細查閱裝箱單及重量單之內容，一旦發現貨物損壞或缺少，當事人必須召集船務公司及保險公司雙方之代表共同查驗，根據查驗報告，即可提出賠償要求。

The damaged party may bring law suit to the people ' s court when its legal interests and rights are damaged

被侵害的經營者的合法權益受到不正當競爭行為損害的，可以向人民法院提起訴訟。

2 if the vehicles and equipment are damaged by natural disasters making it impossible to implement the contract further, any party can cancel this contract without being subjected to any penalty

因不可抗力的因素致使該車輛及隨車設施損壞，本合同不能繼續履行的，任何一方均可解除本合同並不承擔違約責任。

When one party to the contract has breached the contract, the other party to the contract, as well as a third party who is not a party to the contract, may be damaged

依據合同的相對性理論，違約方賠償的對象，只限於合同相對人的損害，而不包括第三人的損害。

Article 22 unless otherwise stipulated by the government, the request for arbitration or prosecution over quality responsibility shall be raised within one year from the date the party concerned is aware of or should be aware of his interest and rights being damaged

第二十二條除國家另有規定外，質量責任的仲裁請求和起訴，應從當事人知悉或應當知悉權益受損害之日起一年內提出。

This covers the risks of losses and stolen. you would legally have to pay a third party because you damaged his property or injured him

承保財產損失風險和被盜搶風險，承保由於保險事故導致被保險人對第三者的經濟賠償責任。