estimate of state 中文意思是什麼
estimate of state
解釋
狀態估計-
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
The human motion tracking section discusses the use of combined algorithm to prevent kalman filter from diverge, while to estimate the motion state of human in image sequence accurately. when people mutually occlude forming group and then split, the algorithm in this paper matches human based on their color feature, resolves the problem to match human before forming group and after group splitting, and achieves satisfied results
在單獨人體融合成人群然後人群再分裂成單獨人體的情況下，本文的演算法利用人體的顏色特徵進行人體之間的匹配，解決了融合成人群前的人體與人群分裂后的人體之間的對應問題，並在人體運動跟蹤中取得了滿意的效果。 -
The eso compensated by model provides the estimate of the unmeasured system ' s state and the real time action of the unknown disturbances, then improves the performance of the system
具有模型補償功能的擴張狀態觀測器可以獲得系統的狀態估計和未知外擾的實時作用量，使系統性能得到有效補償。 -
As it can predict the trend of process and determine the existence of malfunctions meanwhile, this method does not need to design problem - spedict observer to estimate unmeasured state variables, and can identfy and diagnosis faults simultaneously as well
這種方法所針對的是可由動態模型內部參數來表徵的一類故障，這些參數可通過動態模型的在線校正獲得。 -
Aiming at the nonlinearity of state and measure equation and measurement being only angle information, which results in poor observability and classical estimate methods such as extended kalman filter not converging, the boost phase states and covariance are estimated using unscented kalman filter ( ukf )
針對狀態方程和觀測方程都是非線性方程，觀測量只有角度信息，造成可觀測性弱、經典的濾波演算法如擴展卡爾曼濾波方法不易收斂的問題，利用unscented卡爾曼濾波ukf演算法對主動段進行狀態和協方差估計。 -
To this area precipitation materials for many years, evaporate materials, surface flow materials, hydrometeorological materials, hydrogeological materials carry on exhaustive analysis, have analysed the state of water resource of the sand district, proceed from the heat of the earth ' s surface is balanced, water yield balanced basic theories, combine the amount of regional water resource set up of the materials, such as scene, hydrology, soil of the sand district, etc. and estimate models, have calculated the surface water, groundwater of this area, has carried on models to examine according to the real data, and has predicted to the state of water resource under different climate change scenes of future that analyse. have put forward the scheme that the water resource in this area utilized rationally, use the non - linear motive force model to predict the precipitation, utilize the materials of actual observation, the natural supply amount of calculating out groundwater of sand ground of balanced principle of the amount of water used at the same time, and can exploiting amount predict to groundwater, district of sand,
本文以寧夏半乾旱地區鹽池縣沙地水資源為研究對象，對該地區多年降水資料、蒸發資料、徑流資料、水文氣象資料、水文地質資料進行了詳盡的分析，分析了沙區的水資源狀況，從地表熱量平衡、水量平衡的基本理論出發，結合沙區的氣象、水文、土壤等資料建立了區域水資源量估算模型，計算了該地區的地表水、地下水，根據實際資料進行了模型檢驗，並對未來不同氣候變化情景下的水資源狀況進行了預測分析，提出了該地區水資源合理利用的方案，運用非線性動力模型對降水量進行預測，同時利用實際觀測資料，運用水量平衡原理計算出沙地地下水的天然補給量，並對沙區地下水可開采量進行預測。 -
Then we can estimate the lubrication state between the friction faces. with the old large numbers of testing numbers the wear parameter k of every point on the steady work ' s cam can be decided
通過計算凸輪表面各位置潤滑油膜厚度，判斷其潤滑狀態，結合以前大量的實驗數據，確定出凸輪各位置在穩態下工作時的磨損系數k值。 -
Then one remote supervision system based on virtual instrument technology is studied and realized. the system can measure parameters such as signal level, carrier frequency and snr of remote channel, and can estimate the state of remote channel based on this parameters, and can display the time - domain and frequency - domain wave real time of remote channel, too
針對目前遠動監控方案的不足，研究並實現了基於虛擬儀器技術的電力遠動通道監控系統，該系統可以對遠動收發信電平、載波頻率和信噪比三個通道參數進行測量，具有實時時域波形和功率譜波形顯示功能，並能根據通道參數對通道狀態進行綜合判斷。 -
Abstract : the purpose of this paper is to investigate the decay behavior and dynamics of a quasilinear partial differential equations with nonlocal boundary conditions which is motivated by model problems, arising from quasi - state thermoelasticity, etc. by constructing an upper solution of the problem, a decay estimate for the solution is obtained
文摘:本文討論一類源於擬靜態熱彈性力學和控制理論等領域的邊值問題，通過構造適當的上下解得到擬線性方程解的衰減估計 -
But the battery management system ( bsm ) of hev is very expensive and its circuit is complex, simultaneously, chemical changes are also complex during discharging and charging of nimh battery, so it is extraordinarily difficult to calculate and estimate an accurate surplus energy and state of charge of nimh batteries. up to now, this technology is still researching and developing
但是電池能量管理系統成本昂貴，電路復雜，而且電池在充放電過程中的化學變化也很復雜，要精確計算和預測電池的荷電狀態和剩餘能量及壽命是很困難的，到目前為止，這一技術仍在研究發展中。 -
Based on the experiment of nimh battery, investigations on characteristics of discharging and charging of nimh battery, and analysis of influencing factor of nimh battery, an approach of ah ? coe ? ocu has been carried out to estimate an accurate surplus energy and state of charge of nimh batteries, and consider the compensation of the temperature, aging and self - discharging etc. after theoretic analysis has been completed, simulations are given to determine parameters of batteries for changan hev
本文在蓄電池試驗的基礎上，分析和研究ni - mh蓄電池充放電特性及其影響因素，建立了電池內阻、電動勢模型，提出了安時?能量守恆?開路電壓演算法（ ah ? coe ? ocu法）預測蓄電池的剩餘能量和荷電狀態計算方法，並進行溫度、循環使用壽命、自放電等補償，從而建立了蓄電池的充放電模型。 -
Reinforcement learning algorithms that use cerebellar model articulation controller ( cmac ) are studied to estimate the optimal value function of markov decision processes ( mdps ) with continuous states and discrete actions. the state discretization for mdps using sarsa - learning algorithms based on cmac networks and direct gradient rules is analyzed. two new coding methods for cmac neural networks are proposed so that the learning efficiency of cmac - based direct gradient learning algorithms can be improved
在求解離散行為空間markov決策過程（ mdp ）最優策略的增強學習演算法研究方面，研究了小腦模型關節控制器（ cmac ）在mdp行為值函數逼近中的應用，分析了基於cmac的直接梯度演算法對mdp狀態空間離散化的特點，研究了兩種改進的cmac編碼結構，即：非鄰接重疊編碼和變尺度編碼，以提高直接梯度學習演算法的收斂速度和泛化性能。 -
And medical science of quantum is seeing through and estimate the vibrations frequency of different materials in the human body, quantization make and analyse, shake with correct quantum frequency make and regulate and not balanced for health and then, make people reply the state of the health
而微量子醫學是透過測度人體內不同物質的震動頻率，加以量化並作出分析，再以正確的量子震動頻率為身體作出調節及平衡，令人回復健康的狀態。 -
The study of this paper indicates that, the combined binarization method can keep details well and tolerate the abominable state ; the method to estimate skew angle based on radon transformation is very exact, and the distortion of corrected image is also very little ; the vlp location method based on wavelet analysis and intensity moment has a high location exactness and a soon processing time ; and intelligent character recognition machine can accomplish the function of self - adaption, self - correction, self - study, etc
本文研究表明：混合二值化方法能較好的保留圖像細節，抗噪聲能力強；基於radon變換估計傾斜角度的方法檢測角度精確，校正後圖像失真較小；基於小波分析和亮度矩的車牌定位方法定位準確率高，速度快；仿人智能字元識別器則能實現識別字元過程中的自適應、自校正、自學習功能等。 -
In the third chapter, the graft of tcp / ip in openbsd on psos + and the realization of the internet protocols including pppoe ppp smtp pop3 imap dns dhcp, embedded web server and how to estimate network state used by rtp / rtcp are introduced. in the fourth chapter, firstly h. 261, h. 263 h. 263 + standards and their differences are introduced
在第三章中闡述了基於ip的網路通信協議的實現，主要是openbsd中的tcp ip協議棧在psos +上的移植和pppoe 、 ppp 、 smtp 、 imap 、 pop3 、 dns 、 dhcp協議、嵌入式web服務器的實現，然後介紹如何利用rtp rtcp來檢測網路有效帶寬，其中的網路有效帶寬就是在第六章提出的碼率控制演算法中確定目標幀率的依據之一。 -
Stochastic subspace identification method is the major in this article, and this method is based on the theory of projection of row space, and also uses qr decomposition, svd decomposition as well as least squares estimate to state space matrices of the discrete system so as to achieve the parameters of the dynamic behavior and it can achieve an accurate result
隨機子空間法是本文的論述重點，它運用了行空間投影的理論，通過qr分解和svd分解以及最小二乘估計來識別離散后的系統狀態空間矩陣，從而得到系統的動力學特性參數，識別精度較高。本文詳細的推導了隨機子空間法的理論公式，並編寫出相應的matlab程序。 -
The simple affine transformation is used to describe the motion of feature points, and an pdaf is employed to obtain the estimate of the state vector ; a matching method based on gabor wavelet transformation is employed to find the corresponding point ; an ekf is employed to process the temporal information ; a scheme is designed to include new feature points
點的軌跡模型採用仿射變換描述，引入pdaf演算法進行狀態估計；利用基於gabor變換特徵向量的匹配演算法進行對應點的辨識；推導出ekf濾波器方程組，對時態信息進行濾波；具有新特徵點的選取、跟蹤能力。 -
Finally, according to dynamics model and optical principle, we have designed three different routes and build up this system ’ s equation of state and observation, and make use of kalman filter to estimate lunar - rover ’ s position, velocity and attitude
在月球車動力學及光學成像原理的基礎上，對三個模型分別建立了該系統的狀態方程及觀測方程來對月球車的相對位置、姿態進行估計，並給出了模擬結果。 -
Fault detection is undertaken by checking the consistency between the global state estimate and the local state estimate of federated filter by means of the chi - square test ( cst )
該演算法由聯合濾波器的全局估計與各局部估計之差，得到殘差序列，通過殘差2檢驗，來判別系統是否出現了故障。 -
It is very important to estimate the state of water supply network for reconstruction or extending networks, for daily management and even for optimal control of the networks in this paper, all nodes of the water network with the similar regularity of water pressure varying are classified to one group by fuzzy clustering
利用給水管網中為數不多的監測點實測壓力和流量以及水廠總供水量來估計供水管網工作狀態的全貌，對管網改擴建、日常管理乃至優化調度有著重要的意義。
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