first cost method 中文意思是什麼
first cost method
解釋
最初成本法-
First, it expatiates the reasons in theory why the private - owned enterprises have advantages in the international competition during the course of investing abroad. then, the article discusses about the content of private - owned enterprises " competition advantages broadly, including the perspicuity of the property relations, the flexibility of the management mechanism, the advantages of the small - scale technology, the cost advantages and the more perfect abroad market network system. at last, with a verifying survey on private - owned enterprises of zhe ' jiang province, by utilizing the analytical method of quantization, the article fully affirm the private - owned enterprises " ability to absorb the key elements, and the ability to combine, develop and manage resources
本文第二部分則著重分析了民營企業對外投資的優勢，首先從理論上闡述了民營企業具有何種國際競爭優勢；然後具體論述了民營企業的競爭優勢內容，包括產權關系明晰、經營機制靈活、小規模技術優勢、成本優勢以及比較完善的海外市場網路體系等等；最後，結合對浙江民營企業的實證性調研，運用量化分析方法，對民營企業的要素吸附能力、整合開發能力以及資源運營能力給予了充分肯定，同時也發現了某些不足之處。 -
Three steps of the method are, first, genetic algorithm is adopted in the whole planning area to hunt the possible traverse sequence of the substations ; second, the least weight match algorithm in graph theory is adopted to optimize the tie lines between each substation and its neighbors according to the traverse sequence determined in the first step ; finally, the scheme which has the least cost of investment in tie lines will be taken as the ultimate scheme
第一層優化是在整個規劃區域內，應用遺傳演算法搜索可能的變電站的遍歷順序；第二層優化是按照第一層優化確定的遍歷順序，應用綱絡圖論中的最小權匹配演算法分別對每一個變電站與其相鄰站之間的聯絡線進行優化。 -
First from system aspect, this paper uses voltage sensitivity, pv curves method, equivalent reactive compensation method, back - up generation method to evaluate the reactive value of the generators in seven buses system and ieee 14 buses system. the vs and pv methods can evaluate the source ' s ability of tracking the load ' s variation. the erc and back - up methods can evaluate the availability of replacing other generators. the value determines the cost
從對系統貢獻角度，採用電壓靈敏度方法（ vs法） 、 pv曲線法、等效無功補償法（ erc ） 、無功備用方法來確定一個七節點系統中的發電機的無功價值和ieee14節點系統的發電機的無功價值，電壓靈敏度法和pv曲線法可比較出不同電源跟蹤負荷變化的靈敏度大小，而等效無功補償法和無功備用方法可比較出不同電源替換其它發電機是否是最有效率的。 -
In the chapter two we discussed that the server would first use speed - 1 to serve customers when the system entered the busy state from the empty state, but when the server found the number of customers in the system exceeded the thresh - n during serving, after finishing the service of current customer it would use speed - 2 to serve the next customer till there is no customer. by the method of supplementary variable, l - transition and constructing vector markov, we attained the distribution of the queue length, the distribution of wait - time, the distribution of stay - time, the utility and etc. in the last part of this chapter, we discussed the optimal n * for thresh n which minimizing the cost function and we illustrate the cost function behaves for various parameter selections by a numerical study
在本文第二章討論了當系統從空閑進入忙期時是服務臺以速度1進行服務，但一旦對某顧客服務完畢時如發現系統中的顧客數超過n值時就以速度2服務后續顧客直到系統變空的可修排隊系統，通過構造各種向量馬氏過程和吸收向量馬氏過程，獲得了瞬態、穩態隊長分佈、等待時間分佈、逗留時間分佈、更新周期分佈等一系列排隊指標以及可用度、可靠度等一些可靠性指標，在本章最後又從系統如何更好節省費用角度出發討論了門限n的最優取值問題，並利用mathematic軟體對費用函數進行了數值模擬。 -
First the technology evaluation is done with specialist method and fuss - math method. by the biggest membership principle, the psd project is concluded to be optimum. the following from the economical point of view, the investment and total cost of the closed project and psd project are analyzed
文中首先對三種環控方案運用專家評分和模糊數學方法進行技術評價，根據最大隸屬度原則，選出站臺屏蔽門方案為最優方案。 -
The content of each part follow as : in the first chapter, as start point and base of the paper, this part focuses on the basic study of definition characteristic of no, and the existing base of no - e - commerce environment ; in the second one, this part studies the theory base of no comprehensively applying the theories of core competence competent strategy and transaction cost ; chapter three studies the no from the coordination of no, and gives the structure clarification and characteristic of no firstly, at the same time, put forward the concept of virtual enterprise cluster ; based on such conclusion, studies the model of no from life cyc organization level process and value chain, and operational mode ; in chapter four, a theoretical explanation was addressed on the above structure by modeling no with game theory and graphic theory ; in the fifth chapter, on the bases of analysis of no operational risks, coordination mechanism of no was studied by individually modeling the no without core and no with core, and then put forward the solution for coordination mechanism of no ; as an important component of coordination mechanism of no, chapter six explored some basic concept of trust and importantly put forward the way of how to build trust in no, especially investigated the supporting function of valid reputation mechanism of no for the trust building, importantly an operational method on building reputation mechanism and evaluation method in no were given ; the last chapter applied the conclusion of the paper to investigate the famous trade web - sunbu. com analyzed its shortcoming and gave the advices of developing
全文共分為七章，主要內容如下：第一章作為全文的理論出發點和基礎，圍繞網路組織的定義、特徵以及網路組織生存基礎- -電子商務環境等方面對網路組織的基本概念進行了闡述；第二章綜合運用核心能力、競爭戰略和交易費用理論對網路組織產生的理論基礎進行闡述；第三章首先從組織協調的角度對網路組織進行了研究，給出了網路組織的結構，分類和特徵，同時並給出了虛擬企業群簇；然後在此基礎上分別研究了網路組織的生命周期模型、層次模型、過程模型、價值鏈模型，以及運行模式；第四章綜合運用博弈論、圖論的相關知識，通過構建網路組織的模型，對上一章所研究的網路組織結構的形成機理給出了一種理論解釋；第五章在分析網路組織運行風險的基礎上，分別建立無盟主網路組織的博弈論模型和有盟主網路組織的博弈論模型，詳細研究了網路組織的協調機制，然後給出了網路組織協調機制的解決方案；第六章作為網路組織協調機制的重要組成部分，本章在討論了網路組織中建立信任機制的必要性的基礎上，研究了網路組織信任關系的類型，提出了在網路組織中如何建立信任機制。 -
First regarding cutting speed, working feed as the variable of designing, this article establishes the multi - goal mathematics model of manufacturing cost, productivity, profit ; second according to the mathematics model, it adopts added - power optimum method with matlab and resolves the feasible optimum parameter with computer ; it provides the person who optimize with turning processing technology parameter, and can offer reference supporting other optimization of parameters
摘要以切削速度、進給量為設計變量，建立了以加工成本、生產率、利潤為多目標的數學模型；根據所得多目標綜合優化數學模型，採用加權函數法為優化方法，用matlab求出在約束限制可行域內最優參數，為車削加工工藝參數提供優化依據和優化量，可供其他參數的優化提供參考。 -
From the viewpoint of method, the first step is to determine the available investment options or opportunity set of the locations of crude oil tankers zone involving some six representative factors such as the unit engineering expense, unit operating cost, constructing period, the location land features, unit constructing engineering amount, unit land opportunity cost. these factors stem from the economic, societal and environmental regulations and rules. the second step is to specify how to choose among these available options
從方法上來看，首先確定以單位工程造價、單位運行成本、建設期、地形特徵、單位土建工程量、單位土地機會成本等六個綜合經濟、社會及環境指標為代表的原油罐區方案決策目標集，其次制定桃園、西山、填海三個決策待選方案，然後建立基於優先關系的相對優屬度矩陣及各影響因素的權重集，從而進行模糊動態規劃評價，最後優選出最佳的桃園方案。 -
During the second stage of optimum design, a suitable ? omputation optimization, a suitable calculation method has to be selected at first and detail structures of one support scheme are optimized to formulate the optimum of engineering cost
M值的選取，應注意適合於其相對應的支護結構位移的大小，而後者則取決于具體深基坑工程受周邊環境制約的程度。 -
At first, the theory of the strap - down attitude heading reference system is presented and the architecture and algorithm selections are done according to require for low cost. then, the feature and application methods of the new type microprocessor - dsp are explicated, and the design method for dsp and peripheral circuit and the development method for ahrs software are discussed
文中首先討論了捷聯航姿系統的原理，並根據低成本的要求確定捷聯航姿系統模型和演算法，接著分析了dsp這種新型微處理器的特點和應用萬法，討論了dsp及其外圍電路的設計方法與航姿軟體的開發方法。 -
The first pace : collect the data of cost accounting, 1, of raw material storehouse send and receive keep forms for reporting statistics, of quantitative amount type, 2, of manufactured goods storehouse send and receive keep forms for reporting statistics, of quantitative type, 3, each production workshop is gotten of makings send and receive keep forms for reporting statistics, of quantitative amount type 4, data of cost of the charge of electricity that bad news of each production workshop uses, water, motivation is offerred by special section, use plan carry what produce cost this month to make charge 5, by production the branch provides finishing product and the worker pay forms for reporting statistics in the product the 2nd pace : disposal data, make plan carry a certificate the 3rd pace : make production expresses method of the business characteristic according to him company and cost accounting into our newspaper, fill make manufacturing cost etc
第一步：收集成本核算的資料， 1 、原材料倉庫的收發存報表，數量金額式的， 2 、產成品倉庫的收發存報表，數量式的， 3 、各生產車間領料的收發存報表，數量金額式的4 、各生產車間耗用的電費、水費、動力數據由專門部門提供，用來計提本月生產成本的製造費用5 、由生產部門提供完工產品及在產品的工人工資報表第二步：整理數據，製做計提憑證第三步：製做生產成本報表根據自己公司的業務特點和成本核算方法，填制生產成本報表。 -
Business valuation based on modern economy is one of the most difficult and comprehensive professional work in asset appraisal, but also stands for the trend of the appraisal. as china implemented planned economy all the long in the past years, the concept of business value was proposed later than other advanced countries. the study on the theory and method of business valuation we made is relatively backward. all these lead to that we merely use cost method in practice. with the improvement of market economy, the validity of cost method is challenged. hunting for appraisal methods suitable for china circumstance has become more and more urgent. this thesis presents its own opinion on the adjustment of the basic frame of theory of business valuation. for the first time, it puts systems theory into the study of the theory base, and believes that the enterprise as a compound entity has higher efficiency than the sum of its constituent, and then proposes new appraisal assumption. aiming at the obscure understan ding, it analyses a group of conception related to business valuation. after giving a whole analysis and study, this thesis indicates the income approach which emphasizes earning - capacity of a enterprise should become the correct choice of china, and makes a further study on the origin - features and feasibility of this method
植根于現代經濟的企業價值評估是資產評估中綜合性最強，技術難度最高的業務之一，也是評估業未來的發展方向，由於我國過去長期實行計劃經濟體制，企業價值概念的提出和運用時間較晚，缺少現代經營理念的積累，企業價值評估的理論與方法的研究比較滯后。本文試圖以理性分析和案例分析相結合的方法，系統研究和分析企業價值評估的基礎理論及其現實條件下，適應我國經濟發展的評估方法，以期為構建有中國特色的企業價值評估理論和方法體系做一些有益的探索。文章以企業價值評估的基本概念為起點，在對眾多關于企業性質的學說和理論觀點進行概括抽象的基礎上，指出了整體性、持續經營和盈利性是企業的重要特徵，依據企業的整體性運用系統方法闡明了企業的價值大於組成企業的單項資產價值之和，據此提出了反映企業價值評估特點的有機組合增殖假設；依據盈利性的特點，強調了企業價值評估的核心應為企業的獲利能力，而不是組建企業的成本；對企業價值、企業價值評估含義、特點的論述以及對相關概念的辨析表明了作者的個人觀點和文章的基本定位，而從評估目的入手劃分的以產權變動為目的的企業價值評估和以財務決策為目的的企業價值評估與企業價值評估的假設、評估核心共同決定了評估方法的選用。 -
Aimed at the current problem of pipeline layout optimization technique, the research of irrigation pipeline layout and pipe diameter optimization has been done, the gis ( geography information system ) and graph theory were first put forwarded to applyed to the design of low pressure pipeline irrigation project in the paper. with the support of gis, the minimal spanning tree theory of graph theory and 120 project theory can be applied to irrigation pipeline ' s layout optimization. at the aspect of pipe diameter optimization, simplicial method and interior - point method are been used in solve liner optimization model of pipe diameter to reach minimum project cost or a nnual working cost of low pressure pipeline irrigation
本文主要針對當前南方地區低壓管道輸水灌溉規劃設計中存在的技術難點，開發研究先進實用的樹狀低壓輸水灌溉管網計算機輔助設計系統。首次提出了將gis （地理信息系統）和圖論技術應用於低壓管道輸水灌溉規劃設計及灌溉管網優化中，在gis支持環境下，應用圖論中的最小生成樹法和120規劃進行管道的最優化布置。建立以管道輸水灌溉系統的年折算費用最小為目標函數的管徑優化線性規劃模型，並將內點法應用於線性優化模型的求解。 -
Because of the segment of the orienting and rubbing cost high in the whole lcd production craft, omitting it can save cost of production. the method of manufacturing polymer stabilized chorlesteric texture ( psct ) with better planar structure under without orienting and rubbing is searching in this article. first, the special properties of clc are introduced
因為摩擦取向在整個液晶生產工藝中成本很高，如果省去此環節，將會極大的節約生產成本，因此本文試圖尋找一種在省去摩擦取向環節的前提下製造具有較好平面排列態的聚合物穩定的膽甾相液晶（ psct ）的方法。 -
Finally, multi - period startup cost allocation problem is studied, and two methods are suggested, in the first method, multi - period startup cost is allocated based on the allocation outcome of single - period allocation, while in the second method multi - period startup cost of a trading day is allocated as a whole
然後在比較分攤結果的基礎上，分析了這兩種分攤法的特點和適用范圍，並指出了兩者的優缺點。此外，文中對機組空載費用的分攤問題也進行了有益的探索。 -
First, this paper introduces the fundamental theory of power market, presents the component part and rules of power market, gives the basic methods of price calculation, including the embedded cost method, long run marginal cost method and spot price
本文首先全面介紹了電力市場的基本情況，給出了電力市場中各組成部分和市場中的一些基本原則，給出基礎電價計算的一般方法：綜合成本法、長期邊際成本法和實時電價法。 -
The engineering work load detailed list reckoning method has the advantages of simple, clear, operation easily, remaining the account settlement rarely, etc compared with the present day running unit price budgeting method, which will be the direction of national engineering cost system reform, cost management first, this text states thoroughly the existing problem of the present day national engineering mode and price reckoning method, and the necessity of application right away and the existing problem, and then make a detailed discussion of the principle of quota reckoning and the engineering work load detailed list reckoning, so that we may be safe to draw such a conclusion that the new cost management system of the new price reckoning method is a necessary way to adapt to the international competition
工程量清單計價法與目前我國實行的預算單價法相比，有簡單、清晰、可操作性強、不易留結算尾巴等優點；是我國工程造價體制改革的方向。本文首先全面闡述了目前我國工程造價管理模式和計價方式存在的問題以及現在推行的必要性及存在的問題，進而對定額計價和工程量清單計價的原理進行了詳細的論述，從而得出實行新的計價方式的造價管理體制是適應國際化競爭的必走之路。然後，對即將實行的工程量清單計價模式各單位需要面對的風險，提出幾點抵禦風險措施。 -
Then after introducing the grammar rule of lk _ yy language, we introduce the data structure and algorithm to implement them in details. among them, we first introduce the realization of basic language, then put emphasis on the translation of simple model object and the implementation of the two other basic features, inheritance and method overriding. last, making use of lk _ yy, we solve the maximum cost minimum flow problem in traffic program of gis
首先指出了lk _ yy解釋系統是採用面向對象的系統分析與設計方法來實現的；然後在介紹lk _ yy語言語法規則的基礎上詳細介紹了實現它所需的數據結構和演算法描述，其中先介紹lk _ yy語言中基本語言的實現，然後重點講述了簡單模型對象的翻譯以及對象的兩個基本特徵繼承性和方法覆蓋的實現；最後利用lk _ yy解決了實際gis系統中交通規劃的最小費用最大流問題。 -
The results indicate that arc melting is a good method to produce nb - si system intermetallics due to its simpler technics, lower cost and compact products. however, powder metallurgy is found to be not suitable to produce the nb - si system intermetallics due to its coarse and loose products resulting from the poor molding property of nb and si mixed powders. optical floating zone technology, which is used to fabricate nb - si intermetallic composites for the first time, is also found to be a good way to produce nb - si system intermetallics because of its compact products and good property despite of its relatively high cost
結果表明，電弧熔煉方法制備得到的nb - si系金屬間化合物比較緻密，且制備工藝簡單，經濟實用，是一種合適的nb - si系金屬間化合物制備方法；由於nb 、 si元素粉末的成型性很差，用粉末冶金方法（熱壓燒結和冷等靜壓）制備的nb - si系金屬間化合物表面粗糙、緻密度低，且成本較高，不宜用於制備nb - si系金屬間化合物；首次用光學懸浮單晶生長技術制備的nb - si系金屬間化合物復合材料緻密度很高，盡管成本稍高，但由於性能最佳，也是一種合適的nb - si系金屬間化合物制備方法。 -
This text includes the preface and totally contain the following six parts : the preface, it introduces the original reasons about the evaluating of forest resources value ; the first part, discussing the basic theories of the evaluation of forest asset value and its checking, and it primarily includes the both side contentsione is a basic theories of asset evaluation, which introduce the three basic methods : namenly marketing method, income method and cost method ; the other is 《 the no. 41 of international accountant standard - agriculture 》 that its related rules point out the direction for the checking of forest asset value ; the second part, primarily discussing the four kinds of forest asset : namely the characteristics and evaluation methods of woodland asset, wood asset forest enviroment and forest landscape asset ; the third part, talking about specialities of accountant report forms and accountant checking of all categories of subjects of forest asset ; the four part, taking the example of shifang forest ry station of forest asset valuation circumstance, and after the analysis make an important conclusion that the forest and twood managements have the tremendous positive exterior - economic effection. in addition, the thesis take the example of forest resource evaluating and accounting about the station ; the fifth part, finally talking about doing the forest resources value evaluating and accounting well must do resolution problems and carry out the foreground of it
本文包括前言共有六個部分，概述如下：前言，談研究森林資產價值評估及核算的緣起；第一部分，論述森林資產價值評估及核算的理論基礎，主要包括兩方面內容：一是資產評估的基本理論，重點談了資產評估的三種最基本的方法，即市場法、收益法和成本法；二是《國際會計準則第41號? ?農業》有關規定為森林資產價值核算指明了方向;第二部分，主要論述四種森林資產，即林地資產、林木資產、森林環境、森林景觀資產的特點和評估方法;第三部分，談森林資產各科目的會計核算及會計報表的特殊性;第四部分，以什郁林場森林資產的評估情況為例，進行分析並得出結論?對森林、林木的經營管理，具有極大的外部經濟正效應，另外列舉了該場森林資產會計核算部分實例;第五部分，最後談到做好森林資產價值評估及核算還須解決的問題和其發展前景。
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