freezing damage 中文意思是什麼

Prevention method and freezing damage of hydraulic structures at season freezing soil irrigation areas

季節凍土區灌區水工建築物凍害破壞原因及防治措施

This paper unfolds engineering disposition and theoretical research of negative temperature high performance concrete ( nthpc ) with the damage of many factors motivation, the project background based on qing - zang railway engineering, which is one of four - emphasized engineering during the tenth five - plan. due to the difference of environment of construction and service between nthpc and ordinary concrete, and therefore durability of nthpc is required to higher level. at a first, nthpc must avoid frozen damage at early age and possess anti - freezing property at later period, in order to meet engineering practicable application need, and this are two emphasized and difficult problems, as for nthpc ; by means of mechanism analysis about deicing - agent ingredient and anti - freezing at early period, adopting composite technique routine of mineral addition + anti - freezing element + water - reducer4 - air - entraining + anti - erosion of steel component etc, based on orthogonal experimental approach, fd - 1 composite functional admixtu re was manufactured, which has more property and orientation on qing - zang railway

負溫混凝土由於和普通混凝土在施工環境及服役環境上存在的差異，因此表現為比普通混凝土更為較高的耐久性要求；負溫混凝土首先要避免早期的凍害以及具備長期抗凍性能，才能夠滿足工程實際應用的要求，這也是負溫混凝土必須解決的兩大技術關鍵；通過對目前常用防凍劑組分作用機理的分析研究及混凝土早期防凍機理探討，採用礦物外加劑+防凍組分+高效減水劑+引氣+阻銹組分功能復合的技術路線，通過正交試驗設計復配了適應青藏鐵路工程要求的專用多功能復合型外加劑fd - 1 ；並在此基礎上配製不同等級負溫高性能混凝土，開展一系列包括硫酸鹽侵蝕、氯離子滲透、抗凍融循環、收縮及耐磨性等耐久性能研究；通過對fd - 1組分和摻量的調整，優化負溫混凝土在施工特性、力學指標和耐久性三個方面的兼容、協調性。

The compatibility and harmony among workability, mechanical grade and durability are optimized, with the ground of adjusting composition and dosage of fd - 1 ; after analyzing anti - freezing damage mechanism, it is concluded that temperature is main factor, which affects structure and property of concrete. after two processes of temperature - elevation of hydration heat and temperature - descent of cold - environment, there is original damage in concrete and its existence leads to temperature fields, as results in temperature damage on transition phase > aggregate and cement mortar of concrete

通過對負溫混凝土早期防凍分析研究認為，環境溫度對混凝土的結構形成及其性能的影響十分突出，水泥水化溫升和環境散熱降溫兩個過程導致混凝土結構內部產生不均勻溫度場，對過渡相、水泥砂漿以及骨料都能產生不同程度的溫度損傷，產生內部溫差應力裂紋，初始損傷也是不可避免的。

Abstract : based on the fundamental principle of hypothesis strain equivalence, itwas investigated a physical concept of high strength concrete at minus temperature ( hscmt ) freezing damage parameter, the elastic modulus of frost concrete with anti freeziug admixture and without antifreezing admixture built and it was analyzed their variate process and the condition adaptated. it is purpose to judge hscmt frost failure process

文摘:從應變等效性假說的基本原理出發，研究了負溫混凝土凍結損傷參數? ?彈性模量法中受凍后測試的損傷混凝土彈性模量的物理概念，從而分析了摻防凍劑混凝土及不摻防凍劑混凝土受凍后的彈性模量變化過程及其選用該參數的適應性條件，為判斷負溫高強混凝土材料凍結失效過程提供保證。

If the hose is left on the figure 85 and 90m in freezing weather, the valve ' s self - draining feature will protect the sillcock from freeze damage if : 1 ) the nozzle is not left affixed to the hose ; and 2 ) the entire hose length is on a plane lower than the fixed position of the frostproof sillcock

如果型號85和90m的軟管位於冰凍氣候中，閥門的自排泄功能將會保護灑水龍頭不會凍壞，如果： 1 ）灑水龍頭出口沒有連接軟管；或2 ）整個軟管長度都位於防凍灑水龍頭的連接點下方。

According to relative criteria, the performance of ash - jd such as ratio of water - reducing, ratio of compressive strength, effect of enhancing strength, ratio of bleeding, air entrainment content, effect of keeping slump value, compatibility with cement, resistance to concrete shrinkage and damage by freezing and thawing and impermeability to water etc are all equal to the traditional aminosulfonic - based superplasticizers, and the ratio of performance to price is better than naphthalene series superplasticizers

按照相關標準，對產品進行了測試，所開發的低成本改性氨基磺酸鹽高效減水劑ash - jd的各項性能如減水率、抗壓強度比、增強效果、引氣性、坍落度保持效果、與水泥適應性、收縮性能、抗凍融性能、抗滲性能等相當于傳統氨基磺酸鹽高效減水劑，性能價格比優于萘系高效減水劑。

In the cold geotechnical engineering, when the rock containing a mount of water was frozen, the inner water swells, and the freezing swollen force is emerged, in turn the rock became a multi damage material containing water, ice, air, rock

在寒區巖土工程中，巖體中含有一定量的水，凍結后，水冰相變體積膨脹，產生巨大的凍脹力，巖體成為水、冰、巖，氣的多相損傷介質。

Based on the damage mechanics theory, during the freezing and thawing, the ct measurement technology is used to observe the water transference, ice formation, inner microdamage propagation principle and the corresponding damage structure variability

從細觀損傷力學理論出發，利用ct識別先進的試驗技術研究巖石在凍結融化過程中，水分的遷移，冰的形成，內部細觀損傷擴展機理及相應損傷結構的變化。

Preliminary study on meso - damage propagation characteristics of rock under condition of freezing temperature

凍結溫度對巖石細觀損傷擴展特性影響研究初探

The calculations show that the frost - heaving zone causes damage directly to an embankment, different sensitivity of frost - heaving zone will bring different damage, and the freezing zone under a pavement is a sensitive frost heaving zone

結果表明：凍脹帶的存在是引起路基病害的直接原因，不同凍脹帶范圍將引起路基產生不同類型及不同規模的破壞，位於路面以下的凍脹帶屬于敏感凍脹帶范圍。

The test result shows that the water binder ratio is the chief factor in damaging point. the saturation of concrete and the higher degree of saturation in the surface layer of specimens can be used to explain the damage form of specimens in the freezing - thawing, which include change of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and weight

通過測定飽水受凍6次后混凝土試件的相對動彈性模量，可以計算出混凝土破壞時（ e6 / e0 = 60 % ）相對應的水飽和系數，即極限水飽和系數，試驗結果表明對試件極限水飽和系數而言，水膠比影響顯著。

Freezing arrow can be a bit more powerful however because in addition to the base arrow damage, it can also work with pierce and critical strike

但是冰凍之箭威力更強大，只因它還附加了箭束的傷害，此外，穿刺和毀滅一擊也附加了一些傷害。

By testing according to correlation criterions, the performances of jd such as ratio of water - reducing, ratio of compressive strcngth, effect of accelerating and enhancing strength, ratio of bleeding, air entrainment content, effect of keeping slump value, compatibility with cement, resistance to concrete shrinkage and damage by freezing and thawing and water - tightness etc are all better than that of the traditional melamine resin superplasticizer sm and naphthalene series superplasticizer fdn

按照相關標準進行測試，所開發的改性密胺樹脂高效減水劑的各種性能如減水率、抗壓強度比、早強增強效果、泌水率、引氣性、坍落度保持效果、與水泥適應性、收縮性能、抗凍融性能、抗滲性能等都遠遠優于傳統的三聚氰胺高效減水劑sm ，也優于萘系高效減水劑fdn 。

( 2 ) because of t he variability of rock subjected to outside action, three new conceptions : postive damage basic damage and negative damage, are suggested, which can deal with the condition that rock density became large. ( 3 ) the present damage variables based on ct number mostly include ct average number of the rock without damage, which is difficult to measure, so a new damage variable, which includes the average ct number is proposed, on the other hand, strain equal theory is generalized because the one put foreword by lemaitre is not good enough to use. ( 4 ) a axial damage constitutive equation is proposed and testified. ( 5 ) with the circle times, the damage propagation laws of two different rocks, subjected to circle of freezing and thawing, are studied, and in the analysis process, traditional analysis method including average ct number and is used, some important conclusions are reached : inner damage of soft rock containing a large mount of apertures is largely propagating with the time increasement of circle, however, at the preliminary time, the hard rock containing a small mount of aperture is a little propagating, at late time, the influence become large ; ( 6 ) zone separation and statistics frequency put forward is used to analysized the three different damage propagation in the open circumstance, when they are subjected to the different circle times of freezing and thawing, in which the temperature variability is linear, different freezing rate, and different freezing temperature, and no water is supplied during the test

在研究過程中本文主要做了以下工作： （ 1 ）針對巖石損傷變化較小時，運用ct均值和方差分析不方便的缺陷，本文提出運用對ct數范圍劃分區段的方法，根據各區段統計頻率的變化規律來分析損傷擴展狀況； （ 2 ）針對巖石受到外部作用的多變性，本文提出了基準損傷，正損傷，負損傷的概念，在某種程度上考慮了巖石受到外部作用時的壓密情況； （ 3 ）現有的基於ct數的損傷變量大多需要用到巖石基體的ct均值，這實際上是很難觀測到的，因此本文建議了一個可運用巖石初始狀態ct均值的損傷變量，由於現有的勒邁特教授應變等價原理使用上的不便，本文在其基礎上進行了推廣； （ 4 ）建議了一個可用巖石初始狀態ct數和彈性模量的單軸損傷本構方程，並用算例進行了驗證； （ 5 ）對兩種不同巖石在開放環境下受到凍融循環作用且融化過程中補水時，內部損傷隨凍融循環次數增加的擴展規律進行了探討，主要運用了常規的ct均值和ct方差的分析方法進行分析，試驗發現：對于孔隙率和含水率較高，密度和強度較低的軟弱巖石，凍融循環次數對損傷結構的擴展有明顯的影響，而對于孔隙率和含水率較低，密度和強度較高的硬巖，凍融循環次數對其損傷結構擴展初期由於含水率低的原因，影響不是太大，而後期由於水補給后，含水率較高的原因，凍融影響逐漸增大； （ 6 ）運用了本文提出的區段劃分和統計頻率的方法，深入地分析了開放環境下的線性溫度變化的凍融循環次數，凍結溫度，凍結速度不同巖石作用時，其內部損傷隨凍融循環次數，凍結速度和凍結溫度變化的擴展規律，需要指出的是除了在試驗前飽水外，凍融過程中沒有補水。

Keep in mind a downward slope is required to aid draining and prevent damage to the sillcock due to freezing ( see schematic drawing above )

要記住保持所需的一定斜度，以幫助排泄和防止由於冰凍而損壞灑水龍頭（參閱上列示意圖） 。

The freezing rate also influences the rock damage propagation

研究表明凍結速度對巖石損傷擴展也有一定影響。

The study also indicates that the freezing temperature has a part influence on the damage propagation

試驗研究表明凍結溫度對損傷有一定的影響。