trading risk 中文意思是什麼

I understand that trading in these markets is risky and only risk capital will be used to fund my account

我理解在這些交易是具有風險的，並且只有風險資金才應該用於我的帳戶。

They include : counterparty analysis of securities held, maturity profile of major balance sheet items, breakdown of loan categories, risk management policies, materiality of market risk arising from the trading book, capital adequacy ratio adjusted for market risk, and the year 2000 problem

這些項目包括分析所持證券的發行人類別主要資產負債表項目到期情況風險管理政策因營業賬冊內的交易而承擔的市場風險是否屬于重大就市場風險調整資本充足比率以及公元二千年問題。

Across the industry, value - at - risk ? a measure of potential losses on a bad trading day ? has risen steadily

整個行業的風險價值（用於計量在某一不利的交易日可能遭受的潛在價值損失）穩步上升。

In this article, firstly the background of the textile trade conflicts within sino - us or sino - euro are introduced, thus learn that how to discern and dodge the foreign trade risks, how to choose the appropriate investment projects have already become one of the most important questions for exporting companies on foreign trade affairs well - known as high investment and high risk. so the main text makes a risk analysis qualitatively and quantitatively on a textile - exporting trading company from three angles of statistic 、 game theory and portfolio theory, which is the main content that we studied. firstly, the statistic article adopts data of the transaction closing price of the textile clothing index in shenzhen stock exchange at the end of each quarter as well as several other kinds of data reflecting the macro - economic changes, performs an empirical analysis of these data according to the theory of co - integration test 、 granger cause test and impulse response function of time series in economitric, and learn that the impact to ti is more obvious by the economic index reflecting local commodity price level and economic prosperity degree home and abroad, as well as the impact degree and the time lag degree, and knows the macro - economic risks faced by textile business enterprises ; after that by the game theory angle we analyze exactly the managing risks faced by one textile export corporation named beauty. from the game expansion chart the system arrangement between censor ways by exportation goal countries and exporting strategies by the exporting enterprises has been analyzed. involving the benefit assignment between them both the limited rounds and infinite rounds negotiations of cooperation games have been studied, and then country responsibility and the enterprise managing risks on foreign trade affairs and so on have been analyzed exactly ; in order to realize the investment multiplication in the certain degree to disperse the risk, the

本文首先介紹了中美、中歐紡織品貿易爭端的來龍去脈，由此可知在涉外貿易這種以高投入、高風險著稱的行業里，如何甄別和規避外貿風險、如何選擇合適的投資項目已經成為外貿企業的首要問題。因此，正文分別從統計學、博弈論和投資組合三種角度對涉外紡織品貿易公司風險進行了定性和定量的分析，這也是本文的主要研究內容。首先，統計學篇選取了深圳證券交易所行業分類指數?紡織服裝指數（ ti ）每一季度末的交易收盤價和若干種反映宏觀經濟變化的指標，利用計量經濟學中時間序列的協整檢驗、 granger因果檢驗和脈沖反應函數等理論做實證分析，從而得知反映國內物價水平和國內外經濟景氣程度的經濟指標對紡織板塊上市值的沖擊比較明顯，且可知沖擊程度和時滯度，進而分析出涉外紡織企業所面臨的宏觀經濟風險;接著，從博弈論的角度具體分析一家紡織品出口公司（ beauty ）的外貿活動所面臨的各種經營風險，該篇從博弈擴展圖入手，分析了出口目的國審查方式與本企業出口策略之間的制度安排;並圍繞雙方的利益分配，研究了有限回合和無限回合合作談判博弈，然後具體論述了國家責任和企業涉外經營風險等問題;在一定程度上為了實現投資多元化來分散風險的目的，投資組合篇從經典的markowitz模型著手，在一些特定條件的限制下，給出了一個相應的投資組合模型。

Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate

對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。

The whole dissertation has been divided into four chapters. chapter 1 discusses the simplest financial market consist of only one basic risk asset fc and one risk - free asset nfc, the later just means keeping your money in your pocket without any really trading

全文分四章，第一章討論最簡單的帶風險資產的市場，只由一個最簡單的風險資產fc作為基本風險資產，和一個實際上沒有任何交易的「無風險資產』扣fc （把前留在自己的口袋裡，不進行投資）構成。

However, small investors will still benefit from the mechanism, since it will help mitigate the risk of a prolonged deviation of the trading prices of fund units from the market value of the underlying bonds

盡管小投資者不會直接參與實物交易，但由於這機制可減低基金單位的成交價長期偏離相關債券市值的風險，因此他們仍可受惠。

At this time, foreign firms are prohibited from trading on chinese exchanges and participation in foreign markets is limited to chinese firms who can demonstrate a need to hedge risk

目前，外國企業被禁止參與中國市場的交易；而中國公司也只能有限制地參與外國市場交易。

The result shows that the returns and risk of investment fund are both proportional to the overconfidence degree and the successful trading times of investment fund manager

研究結果表明，基金的收益和風險與基金經理過度自信程度以及交易成功的次數均成正比例變動。

The application of liquidity risk theory to the study of the transitional trading market for state - owned shares

流動性風險理論對國有股過渡流通市場的研究

The current system poses a risk to china s economy, its trading partners, and global economic growth

中國現行匯率制度對中國經濟，對貿易夥伴和全球經濟增長都可能造成危害。 」

For example : since there are too many ruling departments and without a united procedure, it ' s hardly to provide safety guarantee for trading activities ; there is an overlapping risk on the object in a real estate mortgage guarantee case ; the character of the underlying indemnity right of a building - project constructor remains uncertain, and also there is no regulation on a possible effect collision between real estate mortgage guarantee and in - building house mortgage ; there is still no legal clause on the point that whether it is possible for a rural villager " house to become the object of mortgage guarantee

諸如，不動產抵押登記的管轄部門過多，程序不統一，難以保障交易安全；不動產抵押標的物有重合風險；建築工程承包人優先受償權的性質不明，且與在建房屋抵押權的效力沖突未規定；農村村民的房屋是否可以設定抵押權立法不明等。第三部分：對我國有關不動產抵押的幾個主要問題，包括設定抵押權的私房買賣中的權利限制、樓花按揭、城市房地產抵押的法律分析、不動產抵押權與租賃權的沖突與協調作了分析和探討。

Study on transitional trading market for state - owned share by liquidity risk

基於流動性風險理論的國有股過渡流通方案設計

At the same time, how to reduce the risk of futures trading, the expense of futures trading and realize more futures interest need further research, in the view of the law, the theory of law, the papers discussed that futures contract is a standarized treaty which is consistently made by futures exchenge house and trade a certain quantity and qulity of goods on a certain time and place in the future

同時，如何降低期貨交易風險、減少期貨交易費用、實現較大期貨利益尚須進一步研究。本文從比較法學、法理學角度論述了期貨合同是由期貨交易所統一制定的，規定在將來某一特定時間和地點交割一定數量和質量商品的標準化合約。期貨合同與現貨合同、遠期合同有著本質區別，與期貨關聯合同關系密切。

Currently hawksbill turtle is listed as critically endangered on iucn red list and appendix i of cites. international trading of hawksbill turtle is prohibited and the wild population is facing a very high risk of extinction

目前玳瑁屬世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄中的極度瀕危物種類別，以及被列入華盛頓公約附錄一中，即禁止一切國際貿易活動，而其野生種群正面臨極其嚴峻的絕種危機。

Under this circumstance, our treasury bond market exits lots of shortfalls which impede further development for this market. in this essay, combining with the experience in developing country " s experience, it analyses some challenges which confronted chinese bond market, such as liquidity in the interbank market has yet to be improved, duration in bond products are yet to be rational, a sound yield curve is yet to be take shape, the separation between exchange and interbank yet to be broken. in order to solving above issues, this essay suggests that it should develop market maker system to increase market liquidity ; manage balanced treasury bond ; issue short and long term treasury bond in proportion to improve duration and yield curve ; develop bond derivative products such as future trading, open style repurchasement, so it can provides tools for risk protection

但隨著我國經濟的快速發展，金融市場已今非昔比，中國成為了世貿組織的成員，中國資本市場要走向國際化，利率的市場化是大勢所趨，在此前提下，我國國債市場還存在著很多不足，越來越阻礙著國債市場的進一步發展，本文結合世界發達國家的先進經驗，剖析了我國國債市場存在的一些問題如：流動性有待改善、國債期限結構不合理、無法形成科學合理的益率曲線、交易所市場與銀行間市場割裂等，為解決這些問題，本文建議應發展做市商制度以提高市場流動性；實施國債余額管理，發行短期國債及長期國債，改善國債期限結構，以形成科學合理的收益率曲線；發展債券衍生金融創新工具如國債期貨交易、開放式回購等，為投資者提供避險工具等等。

Refco services are focused on supporting customers trading activities with a full array of electronic trading services, facilities management, clearing, risk management, account management, trade execution and research

Refco專注為客戶提供買賣活動的支援，服務涵蓋至電子交易服務信貸管理結算風險管理賬戶管理執行買賣及投資研究。

Considering chance constrained programming is a well developed stochastic optimization method which can describe risk in an explicit manner, with the premised market trading protocols, a chance constrained programming based model for describing the optimal bidding strategies of distribution companies in a pool co - type transmission and distribution separated electricity market is presented, and solved by genetic algorithm

鑒于機會約束規劃作為一類快速發展的隨機優化方法能以顯式的形式刻畫風險，針對以聯營體為基礎的輸配分開電力市場，在假設的市場交易規則基礎上，構造了在現貸市場中基於機會約束規劃的供電公司最優報價策略模型，並採用遺傳演算法求解。

Arbitrage is a kind of hedging strategy in portfolio investing, as a mean approach to evade future trading risk, it ’ s been world wildly used by all kinds of invest funding and other financial institution. in the matured commodity future markets, the percentage of arbitrage trading in total trading volume is more than 40 %

套利是對沖式資產組合投資策略，作為期貨市場規避風險功能的實現方式之一，在國際上被投資基金和機構廣泛利用，在國外成熟的商品期貨市場中，套利交易占總交易量的40 %以上。

Article 128 a securities firm shall derive for a trading risk reserve from its annual after - tax profits to make up losses from securities trading. the specific percentage for such derivation shall be prescribed by the securities regulatory authority under the state council

第一百二十八條證券公司從每年的稅后利潤中提取交易風險準備金，用於彌補證券交易的損失，其提取的具體比例由國務院證券監督管理機構規定。