transaction costs 中文意思是什麼
transaction costs
解釋
交易成本- transaction : n 1 辦理，處理；交易；業務，事務。2 【法律】和解。3 〈pl 〉（學會等的）會議記錄；學報。4 【心理學...
- costs : 訟費
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Arbitrage, transaction costs, and autarky : china ' s grain market development
交易成本和貿易中斷看中國糧食市場的發育 -
The model of asian put option pricing with geometric averaging and transaction costs under the cev process
下有交易費用的亞式看跌期權定價模型 -
Nie also analyze the impaction of microscopic institutional structure on transaction costs or supervising cost of economic action, but they mainly analyze the combination of market mechanism with social institutions in exchanging area or the combination of corporation rules with social institutions, don ’ t refer to the combination of social capital, corporation rule with market mechanism and it ’ s impaction on economic action. nie don ’ t consider social capital as a kind of fundamental but ancillary economic institution
還有，科斯等人認識到經濟行動所處的微觀制度結構對其交易或組織監督成本有影響，但主要分析的是市場制度與社會制度（ system ）在交換領域中、企業規則與社會制度在企業生產領域中的分別結合，而沒有分析市場制度、企業規則與社會資本等制度的同時結合對于經濟行動的影響。 -
His research interests have included property rights, transaction costs, economic organization in history, a theory of the state, the free rider problem ; and have focused on the formation of political and economic institutions and the consequences of these institutions on the performance of economies through time. that research was published by cambridge university press in institutions, institutional and economic performance
諾斯教授的研究興趣遍及產權、交易成本、歷史上的經濟組織、政體論、搭便車等問題，並集中研究政治和經濟制度的形成，以及這些制度對經濟表現的長遠影響，研究結果由劍橋大學出版社出版成書，題為《制度、制度的變革與經濟表現》 。 -
In order to overcome the incertitude and reduce the transaction costs, the enterprise ' s rational selection should be to solve the financial problem by the establishment of internal capital market ( icm )
為了克服不確定性和降低交易成本，通過建立內部資本市場來解決資金籌集問題成為企業的理性選擇。 -
According to various economists " ( marx, kess, etc. ) theories on property right, this paper give detailed analysis on the necessity of the perspicuity of financial industries " property right system, in order to improve the collocating efficiency of financial assets with the decrease of transaction costs in financial transactions
本文依據馬克思、科斯等人的產權經濟理論對金融業產權關系明晰化的必然性進行分析，認為有必要通過產權制度改革使產權關系明晰化，以降低金融交易中的交易費用，提高金融資產的配置效率。 -
From this, the system should evolve to bargaining transaction so as to realize the target of reducing transaction costs to a minimum
從而，城市地產交易制度需向買賣型交易方向演進，以達到交易成本最小化的制度目標。 -
Secondly, the tightening of loan control limits loan supply to counties. thirdly, transaction costs are high between enterprises and banks
四是銀企雙方交易成本大，銀行在與企業交易過程中存在著嚴重的信息不對稱。 -
The result reveals that standardized software provides a higher return though there exist much customized demands in market ; governmental agencies as big clients contribute a lower return on sales and lower delivery rate because of their monopoly position ; regional business environment affects transaction costs greatly, causing a poor performance ; the performance is significantly influenced by incentive mechanism, not significantly by the cognitive of project managers
結果發現客戶對定製化需求大，但對標準化軟體卻有更高的邊際利潤；政府機構是大客戶，但其壟斷地位，所帶來的銷售利潤率和項目交付率並不高；地域商務環境影響交易成本，進而顯著地影響了項目的業績水平；項目業績受項目經理激勵程度和方式的影響，但與項目經理認知特徵無顯著關系。 -
Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate
對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。 -
Since the scarcity and the high transaction costs generates the free - rider, a infringement incentive, in which case it needs to intervene in the law of infringement. the purpose of damages for infringement is to make a national infringement person assume liability for infringement and increase the cost of its infringement, even greater cost
在這種情況下需要侵權法來干預，侵權損害賠償的目的是讓理性的使自己利益最大化的加害人承擔損害賠償責任以增加其侵權成本，填補被侵權人的損失從而使侵權人無利可圖甚至付出更大的成本。 -
I take the software as an immaterial asset having public attributes. non - market ways must be used to rectify these public attributes in order to develop software industry, but the effect of rectification is impacted by the transaction costs
論文認為軟體商品是具有公共性的無形商品，因而軟體市場及軟體產業的發展必須依賴非市場因素從外部矯正其「公共性」 ，但是外部矯正的效果受交易成本的約束。 -
The transaction costs of social insurance tax include collection costs and loss coats
摘要徵收社會保險繳款的交易費用分為徵收費用和損失費用。 -
Although the volume of e - commerce is still small, it has enormous potential to reduce transaction costs and increase productivity and efficiency
雖然電子商業用量仍然少，但其帶來的潛在成本效益、生產力和效率等是不容置疑的。 -
In this kind of background, economic agents are limited rational and opportunist in economic exchange and production, which induce transaction costs and supervising cost ; in order to abate costs, enhance bestirring and constrains, property right must be clear ; means to get economic goal contain exchange and production, if transaction costs is too expensive, market exchange will be internalization by hierarchical corporation, but more and more hierarchical administrative cost become while huger and huger corporation size become, which obstruct the enlargement of border of corporation. nie don ’ t think that corporation will supersede market wholly, but they are parallel and supersede dynamically each other. so nie advocate economic action is impacted by macroscopic dualistic institutional framework
他們以這樣一種認知為基礎，認為在這樣的經濟背景中，有限理性的經濟行動者，是一種機會主義者，一有機會就可能在經濟交換和生產活動中採取種種搭便車行為，使經濟行動存在交易成本和行政監督成本（在德姆塞茨等人那裡，交易成本包括市場交易與行政監督成本） ;為了減少這些成本、增加對經濟行動者的激勵與約束，就必須明晰產權;如果交易成本過高，市場交換就會內部化，出現企業對市場的替代，而組織監督成本又制約了企業擴展的邊界，使市場與企業之間動態替代和平行並列，因此經濟行動在宏觀上主要受這種二分制度框架的影響。 -
A mechanism for action of transaction costs and ideology on economic foundation
交易成本與意識形態對經濟基礎的作用機制 -
Transaction costs and improve the quality of township construction. on the other hand, the institutional innovation is beneficial to the local governments, which accelerate the reform and change functions
幫助庫區城鎮政府改革經濟管理體制，轉化政府職能，提高管理城鎮經濟的水平，建立新的與社會主義市場經濟體制和運行機制相適應的經濟管理體制。 -
If only all transaction costs could be as thrilling a spectacle as aalsmeer or tsukiji
希望所有的交易成本都能像阿斯米爾花市或者築地魚市場那樣，成為令人心動的一景。 -
The main conclusions read as follows : ( 1 ) on the premise of stabling the land contract right, the land use right could be transferred, in order to make better use of land ; ( 2 ) propose considering the net profit of land and farmer ' s minimum living guarantee synthetically to make the price standard of land, drawing up the fee of tlur according to the difference between the net profit of land and the contract fee, and perfecting the land grades system additionally ; ( 3 ) to reduce the transaction costs of land transference, we should establish and perfect the medium mechanism of land transference ; ( 4 ) to affect the institutional changes positively, government should do a good job of macro - control, and optimize the institution environment continually
本文的主要結論是： （ 1 ）在穩定土地承包權的前提下，土地使用權應進行市場化流轉，實現農村土地的有效利用和適度規模經營； （ 2 ）建議綜合考慮土地純收益和農產最低生活保障來制訂土地價格標準，而土地使用權流轉費應根據土地純收益與集體承包費的差額來確定，另外必須健全土地分等定級制度； （ 3 ）為了降低土地流轉的交易費用，必須建立和規范土地交易中介機制； （ 4 ）做好宏觀調控工作，不斷優化制度環境，發揮政府在制度變遷中的積極作用。 -
The modern theories of the firm are rested on two assumptions, in which either the number and quality of the product is fixed, or the transaction costs of intangible idea is zero
科斯和張五常的企業理論可以看作是建立在這樣一個非此即彼的假定之上:或者假定產品的數量和質量維度給定不變，或者假定所有的產品創意的交易費用為零。
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