政鄉 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zhèngxiāng]
政鄉
英文
masasato-
Misunderstanding of the villages and town reformation in the presenting academe
目前學術界關于鄉鎮政府體制改革的認識誤區During the new - style school which stood for the new cultural and was sustained by the government was entering into the country, the private school which stood for the old cultural also was struggling to exist resorting to its agrestic adaptability and special functional agility. the private school was replying to the challenge from the new - style school. when the two style schools were facing each other, there formed the exceptive pattern of education
代表新文化的新式學校以政府為其後盾不斷地向鄉村社會滲入的同時，代表傳統舊文化的私塾也以其特有的靈活性和鄉土適應性掙扎著生存，並回擊著來自「新學」的「挑戰」 ，二者交鋒對壘，形成了別具特色的新舊並存的二元教育模式。Audit, censorial, finance, prices and department of town enterprise administration are in the xiang jifei standard that receives a town enterprise to put forward collects fees, after the impeach of the unit that apportion perhaps fines and individual, ought to undertake investigate and obtaining evidence, belong to to the circumstance solid, concerned branch and upper body ought to be instructed suspend its action, to direct responsibility personnel, concerned branch is ok according to clue weight, give corresponding punishment
審計、監察、財政、物價和鄉鎮企業行政治理部門在接到鄉鎮企業提出的向其非法收費、攤派或者罰款的單位和個人的檢舉后，應當進行調查和取證，對于情況屬實的，有關部門和上級機關應當責令停止其行為，對直接責任人員，有關部門可以根據情節輕重，給予相應的處罰。For the especial political regime in our nation avianizes the rural fiscal system of inward function, which induce phenomena as follows, during producing or providing public products as the deputy of rural residents ( mostly, peasantry ), whose are the village and town governments and their superior governments ( from the clientage aspect ). not only the substitutive costs from the village and town governments represent their revenue and expenditure, and that from superior governments transfer to it by the stimulant mode of them and their superior governments, but also the governments show the substitutive costs from their superior governments transferring as the form of the rural expenditure, which will increase their revenue and expenditure. it is village and town indebtedness of inherent mechanism
由於我國特殊的政治體制弱化了農村財政體制應有的功能，致使作為鄉鎮居民（主要為農民）代理人的鄉鎮政府及上級政府（從委託? ?代理關系的角度看）在生產或提供農村公共品時會產生以下現象：不僅鄉鎮政府產生的代理成本表現為鄉鎮支出，上級政府產生的代理成本會通過上級政府與鄉鎮政府激勵相容的方式而層層轉嫁給鄉鎮政府，而且鄉鎮政府有著將上級政府所轉嫁的代理成本進一步以鄉鎮支出的形式表現出來的激勵，從而加大了鄉鎮支出，這是鄉鎮負債產生的內在機理。Because it is the fundamental function for town government to provide pubilc services and pubic establishments, such as family planning, public security, rural road construction, maintaining the facility of broadcast and tv and so on. town government ought to be provided with condign power of administration and finance even though they are translated to be accessorial institutions of county government. therefore, how to supervise their power and their financal income and expenses is still a question to be settled
計劃生育、社會治安、鄉村道路建設、廣播電視設施維護等基本公共設施和服務的提供，仍然是鄉鎮政府的職責。即使鄉鎮政府轉變為縣級政府的派出機構，也需要擁有一定程度的財政和行政權力，如何監督這些權力和規范其財政收支的問題依然存在。The middle layer is the basis and end of the supreme layer in rural areas. the town power carried out by the town ' s party and governmental organization is the conjuncture of national power and social power ' s mutual penetration and influence
「中層」權力是「上層」權力在農村的基礎和末梢，以鄉鎮黨政組織為載體的「鄉政」權力運行是國家權力與社區權力互為滲透、互為影響的連接點。It was in the city that man was liberated from the tyranny of the soil and could develop skills, learn from other people, study, teach and develop the social arts that made country folk seem bumpkins
城市中的人們從土地苛政中解放出來並不斷提升自身技能，向他人獲取新知，學習、講授和社交藝術的進步使農村的鄉巴佬相形見拙。To droit of illegal change town enterprise, detinue or free uses town enterprise property, dismiss illegally of town enterprise controller with the act that violates a town enterprise to manage own advantageous position, instruct by department of administration of town enterprise of prefectural class above correct
對于非法改變鄉鎮企業所有權的，非法佔有或者無償使用鄉鎮企業財產的，非法撤換鄉鎮企業負責人的和侵犯鄉鎮企業經營自主權的行為，由縣級以上鄉鎮企業行政治理部門責令改正。Of ranpur village, 340 km 210 miles south of state capital jaipur, then decided to take the law into its own hands
印度五人組成的鄉村行政委員會中世紀的diktat絕對命令. "銅的The punishment that the town enterprise makes to executive authority place and processing decide disaffected, can apply for administration to reconsider lawfully
鄉鎮企業對於行政機關所作的處罰和處理決定不服的，可以依法申請行政復議。Through, there are so many differences, they should all be called local government or grass roots level government. and because they usually provide the similar public services to their habitant, some experience of foreign local government in construction of their system of tax distribution will surely benefit us
認為縣鄉收入體制應當選擇適度集權模式，通過加強地方稅建設，使縣鄉基層政府主要稅種收入占其支出的50以上，並通過稅收共享、規范轉移支付制度等措施，滿足縣鄉政府公共支出需求，而其核心在於縣鄉主體稅種體系建設。The second part analyses the resistance during the reform program which mainly arising from the following aspectsrthe ideological obstacle on the reformation ; the difficulties on the function transition of the local govemment ; the inconvertible vested interest of the local government ; the legal system of administrative organizations is not in perfect condition ; lack of authorized restrictive mechanism ; the limit maneuver of people diversion ; social welfare system reform and other auxiliary reforms are backward
第二部分分析了市縣鄉政府機構改革的阻力。即在市縣鄉政府機構改革問題上存在著思想障礙；職能轉換難；部門利益化的阻礙；行政組織法制不健全，缺乏權威有效的制約機制；人員分流的迴旋餘地小；社會保障制度改革和其它配套改革滯后等。The relation between country and society will seem towering, inharmonious, and they can not benignly stir each other. and also being unable to fix respective jurisdiction and responsibility in a clear limit, not only the choice and assignment system, the authority and the responsibility by masters in the inne
而無法清晰界定各自權限、責任，則不但選任制度、體制內主體所掌握的權力與所負公共責任可能異化，而且會導致兩種現象：其一，鄉民對國家義務的責任模糊；其二，體制內主體越過自己權限侵犯鄉民正當權益，損害其福利，也損害黨和政府政治合法性基礎。The shaping construction of evolution in the rural society includes three levels, pressure type system in the upper, self interest in the middle and peasants, vulnerable position of inorganization in the bottom
而鄉村社會內卷化的生成是由三層結構組成的，即上層壓力型體制的過分彰顯，中層鄉級政府的自利性亢奮和底層農民無組織的弱勢地位。A variety of objective causes which include institutive, traditional cultural and historical influence lead to administrative ethic problems in countryside villages and towns. at the same time, subjective cause that administrators lose their moral autonomy is also responsible for them
制度的、傳統文化與歷史的影響是導致農村鄉鎮行政中倫理問題產生的客觀原因，而行政人員自身道德自主性的沉淪與萎縮則構成了其產生的主觀原因。Village and township finance, which is " juvenility " finance, is not perfect not only in practice but also in theory. many problems concerning about it are to be solved
鄉鎮財政是一級「年輕」的財政，無論在理論上，還是在實踐中還不能說很成熟；有許多問題和矛盾有待探索、解決。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。The local government and the public office shall perform visual inspection of the draftees when assembled and stop the transportation of any draftee whose grade of physical condition is significantly noncompliant or any draftee is injured or sick that prevents from exposing to military training while taking the initiative to grant the draftee an extended reporting to camp or change his grade of physical condition
集合后，直轄市、縣（市）政府及鄉（鎮、市、區）公所應予目視檢查，如發現役男體位有顯著不合格或傷病不堪軍事訓練者，應即停止輸送其入營，並主動辦理延期徵集或改判體位。Article 17 members of the local people ' s governments at or above the county level, the presidents of the people ' s courts, the chief procurators of the people ' s procuratorates, and the leading persons of the people ' s governments at the township level shall attend sessions of the people ' s congresses at the corresponding levels as nonvoting delegates ; leading members of the other relevant government departments and public organizations at or above the county level may, by decision of the standing committees of the people ' s congresses at the corresponding levels, attend sessions of the people ' s congresses at the corresponding levels as nonvoting delegates
第十七條縣級以上的地方各級人民政府組成人員和人民法院院長、人民檢察院檢察長，鄉級的人民政府領導人員，列席本級人民代表大會會議；縣級以上的其他有關機關、團體負責人，經本級人民代表大會常務委員會決定，可以列席本級人民代表大會會議。Briefly, we have to pursue country - administration, township - congress and village - governance, combining together the two respects rationally
簡要地說，就是推行「縣政、鄉議、村冶」體制，把兩方面的要素合理的結合起來。分享友人