法律方向 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [fǎlǜfāngxiàng]
法律方向 英文
law pathway
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 律 : Ⅰ名1 （法律; 規則） law; rule; statute; regulation 2 （律詩的簡稱） short for lüshi 3 （姓氏） a ...
  • 方 : Ⅰ名詞1 （方形; 方體） square 2 [數學] （乘方） involution; power 3 （方向） direction 4 （方面） ...
  • 法律 : law; statute法律保護 legal protection; 法律程序 legal procedure; 法律承認 de jure recognition （...
  • 方向 : direction; orientation
  1. Based on the frequent occurrence of international aerial crimes, the rampancy and cruelty of criminals and the reality of brutal consequence, the essay analyses the features of the crime of aircraft hijacking, the crime of imperiling international civil aerial security and the crime of obstructing international aerial navigation with the component terms from three important international conventions on punishing aerial crimes in order to help people to appreciate the appearance and the essence of typical international aerial crimes deeply, to regard the motion of the crimes and to overwhelm the offence forcefully. based on the core of the legislative status of international civil aerial security, the jurisdiction of the aerial crimes, one emphasis of the article is to clarify concrete clauses on jurisdiction in the three conventions and analyses the important principle of " aut reddere, aut punire ". based on the problems on the jurisdiction of crimes in international society, it quests the implementation of t he principles of jurisdiction, pleading and extradition in the three conventions deeply

    基於目前國際社會航空犯罪時有發生，犯罪分子猖獗狠毒，危害後果十分殘重的現實，本文從國際社會關于懲治航空犯罪的三個重要國際公約（東京、海牙、蒙特利爾公約）中規定的各種航空犯罪的定義入手，深入展開了對劫持航空器罪、危害航空器飛行安全罪、危害國際民用航空機場安全罪的犯罪特徵及其構成條件的分析，以期幫助人們更深刻認識這些典型的國際航空犯罪的表現及其實質，嚴密注視這些犯罪的動向，對其進行及時有力的打擊；鑒于國際民用航空安全法律地位問題的核心是解決航空犯罪的管轄權問題，本文重點闡釋了三個公約關于管轄的具體規定，並側重分析了「或引渡或起訴」的重要原則；鑒于目前國際社會打擊國際航空犯罪管轄方面存在諸多實際問題，本文對公約規定的管轄、起訴、引渡原則的實現方式作了深入探討；鑒于各國在國內立法上對于空中犯罪的懲治、對違約國的制裁、對這類犯罪的預防措施等方面存在一些漏洞，本文根據目前掌握的一些資料，在獨立思考的基礎上，提出了一些不成熟的看法及建議，以期對國際社會懲治航空犯罪貢獻自己微薄之力。
  2. And understanding and studying the spectral features and variation rules of geo - targets in the experimental area, raising that it is the basis of geo - targets information collection with imaging spectrometer data to understand spectral features and variation rules of geo - targets, realizing that in a great extent spectral - integrated - form - based classification method can remove the phenomenon of " different spectrum with same objects " resulted from reflection ratio curve translation because of the angle change among sensor, targets and observation direction, and the average and variance images can be introduced to solve the problem of two kinds of geo - target with similar spectral forms and much different values of whole reflection ratio. it is suggested that " red edge " range bands of vegetation, which has close relationship with vegetation cover and biomass, is the main characteristic bands and important basis for careful vegetation classification and quantitative retrieval, and pixel - based derivative spectral analysis is very useful for removing the effects of soil background values and quantitatively retrieving vegetation biomass and cover. the remote sense quantitative retrieval model is developed for main appraisable factors of desertification monitoring assessment with imaging spectrometer data and then the applicability of model is analyzed

    研究結果如下：首先針對荒漠化地區的地物特徵，對高光譜數據不同波段的數據質量、波段組合進行了評價，提出了適用於荒漠化監測的基本波段選擇集；初步了解和掌握了研究地區的地物光譜特性及變異規律，進一步明確了掌握地物光譜特徵和變異規律是用成像光譜儀數據提取地物信息的基礎；發現了基於光譜整體形狀的分類方法在很大程度上能夠消除由於傳感器、地物目標觀測方向之間的角度變化引起的反射率曲線整體平移的「同物異譜」現象，對于譜形相似而整體反射率的值相差較大的兩類地物，通過引入均值和方差圖像參與分類得到解決；研究還表明在植被「紅邊」范圍內的波段是進行荒漠化監測的主要特徵波段，這些波段與植被生物量和蓋度都有密切的關系，是開展精細植被分類研究和植被定量反演的重要基礎；像元的導數光譜分析可以消除土壤背景的影響，是進行植被生物量和蓋度定量反演的有力工具；建立了荒漠化監測主要評價因子的定量反演模型，並分析了模型的適用性。
  3. The author considers the legal system of intellectual property right is opening so that the domain name should be included as a kind of independent right. in the following parts of the essay, the author explores the fundamental causes of conflict and re - classifies the types of conflict between domain name and trademark, reanalyzes the similarity and the difference between domain name and trademark, makes comparison between the three major domain name dispute resolutions that have already been provided ( udrp, acpa and the domain name disputes solution of china ), it can provide ground for an effective method for solution. at last, the thesis baldly points out that it should stand an independent legal status in ip law

    故，筆者欲突破在商標及商標法框架下研究域名的思維定勢，重新審視域名法律地位、分析其法律屬性;以域名與商標沖突為典型，研究導致沖突的原因;從平等中立的角度，以貫穿經典案例的方法重新劃分沖突分類:以橫向比較分析的研究方法評介全球具有代表性的沖突解決方案和我國新的域名政策以及司法解釋，為正確提出解決方案建立基礎;探討域名爭議解決的主要原則，分析域名在我國的立法模式;最後，筆者將在全文分析的基礎上，嘗試提出域名權利問題，以期能從根本上尋求解決域名的法律保護以及沖突的公平解決的合理機制。
  4. In america, the electronic signature legislation began with utah in 1995, utah digital signatare act is confined to regulate digital signature which is made by using cipher code, then, other states are also engaged in legislative activities to regulate digital signature, but the second state ( newyork ) has adopted a more common way in technology, in other words, the later legislation changed from concentrating on the concrete technolngy of digital signature to more widely regulating the common technology of all kinds of electroncc signature

    在美國，電子簽名立法始於1995年的猶他州，該州法案只限於調整使用密碼的數字簽名。之後，其他州也開始了數字簽名立法活動，但第二個進行此種立法的州（即紐約）採取一種技術上更為一般的方式，換言之，其後的立法從「集中於數字簽名的具體技術法律轉向廣泛調整各種電子簽名的一般技術法律。 」
  5. Following are the main functions and effects of regional legislation : 1 the function of subdivision, i. e. regional legislation helps subdivide the fundamental regulations of the constitution and the laws ; 2 the function of complementarity, i. e. regional legislation is complemental to national legislation ; 3 the function of innovation, i. e. regional legislation can be regarded as experimentation to set up new social rules ; 4 the function of particular adjustment, i. e. regional legislation needs to flexibly adjust to special relationships of the local society ; 5 the function of power - control, i. e. regional legislation should provide legal guarantee and restriction for the regular running of the national departments

    本文從學理上分析、總結地方立法的功能、作用有：一是細化作用，即地方立法有利於細化憲法和法律的原則性規定；二是補充作用，即地方立法體現著對國家立法的補充作用z三是創新作用，即地方立法可作為創立新的社會規則的「實驗田」 ；四是特殊調節作用，即地方立法需要對本地區的特殊社會關系進行靈活的法律調整；五是權力控製作用，即地方立法要為現代國家機關的正常運作提供法制保障和約束。地方立法應當遵循的原則，決定著地方立法的發展方向以及地方立法作用的有效發揮。
  6. For the treaty about the responsibility ' s quality, have four kind doctrine, is a deflect to say respectively, and the act of law say, and the direct provision of law say that say with honest repute, and the writer more incline toward the honest repute to say, quanta this is the treaty about negligence responsibility this a special stage solicit of, the parties steer the activity relating to civil law the hour to must have the heart of bona fides the status, other doctrine all some lead long strong, treaty about of occasion, traditional standpoint it is an acknowledge concordat that negligence responsibility establish does not establish, void or reversed occasion

    對于締約責任的性質，有四種學說，分別是侵權行為說，法律行為說，法律直接規定說和誠實信用說，筆者更傾向于誠實信用說，因為這是締約過失責任這一特殊階段要求的，當事人進行民事活動時必須具備誠實善良的內心狀態，其他學說都有些牽強。對于締約過失責任成立的場合，傳統的觀點是只承認合同不成立、無效或被撤銷的場合。筆者認為也應包括合同成立的場合，因為他同時也侵犯了非違約方的固有利益，雖然這部分利益不佔重點，但我們不能否認她們的存在，比如標的物有瑕疵，締約人違反保證等。
  7. I would thou couldst ; for who would bear the whips and scorns of time, the oppressor s wrong, the proud man s contumely, the law s delay, and the quietus which his pangs might take, in the dead waste and middle of the night, when churchyards yawn in customary suits of solemn black, but that the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns, breathes forth contagion on the world, and thus the native hue of resolution, like the poor cat i the adage, is sicklied o er with care, and all the clouds that lowered o er our housetops, with this regard their currents turn awry, and lose the name of action

    但願您做得到誰願忍受人世的鞭撻和嘲弄，壓迫者的虐待，傲慢者的凌辱，法律的拖延，和痛苦可能帶來的解脫，在這夜半死寂的荒涼里，墓穴洞開，禮俗的黑色喪服，一片陰森。但是那世人有去無還的冥界，正向人間噴出毒氣陣陣，因此那剛毅的本色，象古語所說的那隻可憐的小貓，就被煩惱蒙上了一層病容，一切壓在我們屋頂上的陰雲，因此改變了漂浮的方向，失去了行動的力量。那正是功德無量。
  8. Chapter 3 erected the relationship between refraction error and cornel ablation depth in theory. the paper proposed various mathematical models which can be used for proceed the simple myopia, simple hypermetropia, compund myopia astigmatism, compund hypermetropia astigmatism, simple myopia astigmatism, simple hypermetropia astigmatism, mixed astigmatism. the influence of the astigmatic axis and the degree of astigmatism on the correction field is discussed. wavefront aberration guided excimer laser cornea ablation is a main method of customised corneal ablation

    以數學的方法研究出了屈光性單純近視、屈光性單純遠視、復性近視散光、復性遠視散光、單純近視散光、單純遠視散光、混合性散光屈光矯正的物理模型；並揭示了不同軸位的轉換規律，對不同散光情況下的初始角膜兩個不同方向的曲率半徑和手術后最終的曲率半徑作了定量的研究。
  9. Firstly, the author uses value analysis method to definitude the basic trend of corporation manager legal system. secondly, puts forward to found the macroscopic pattern of our corporation legal system

    作者首先用價值分析的方法明確了構建公司經理法律制度的基本價值取向，然後提出了構建我國公司經理法律制度的宏觀模式。
  10. To the extent permitted by law, in no event shall ups, its affiliates, licensors, suppliers or any third parties mentioned at the web site be liable for any incidental, indirect, exemplary, punitive and or consequential damages, lost profits, and or damages resulting from lost data or business interruption resulting from the use of and or inability to use the web site, the ups systems, information, services or the content whether based on warranty, contract, tort, delict, or any other legal foundation, and whether or not ups is advised of the possibility of such damages

    在法律允許的范圍內，在任何情況下，對因使用或未能使用本網站ups系統服務內容或資訊而產生的任何偶然的間接的典型的懲罰性的或因果性的損害利潤損失或因資料丟失或商業中斷導致的損害， ups及其附屬公司許可人供應商或在本網站提及的任何第三方，不向您承擔責任，無論該損害是基於保證合同侵權行為不法行為或其他法律理論而提出的，即使ups事先被告知該損害的可能性也不承擔責任。
  11. To the extent permitted by law, in no event shall ups, its affiliates, licensors, suppliers or any third parties mentioned at the web site be liable for any incidental, indirect, exemplary, punitive andor consequential damages, lost profits, andor damages resulting from lost data or business interruption resulting from the use of andor inability to use the web site, the ups systems, information, services or the content whether based on warranty, contract, tort, delict, or any other legal foundation, and whether or not ups is advised of the possibility of such damages

    在法律允許的范圍內，在任何情況下，對因使用或未能使用本網站、 ups系統、服務、內容或信息而產生的任何偶然的、間接的、典型的、懲罰性的或因果性的損害、利潤損失或因資料丟失或商業中斷導致的損害， ups及其附屬公司、許可人、供貨商或在本網站提及的任何第三方，不向您承擔責任，無論該損害是基於保證、合同、侵權行為、不法行為或其它法律理論而提出的，即使ups事先被告知該損害的可能性也不承擔責任。
  12. To the extent permitted by law, in no event shall ups, or its affiliates, principals, suppliers or any third parties mentioned at my ups be liable for any incidental, indirect, exemplary, punitive andor consequential damages, lost profits, andor damages resulting from lost data or business interruption resulting from the use of or inability to use my ups, the ups systems, services, content or information, whether based on warranty, contract, tort, delict, or any other legal foundation, and whether or not ups is advised of the possibility of such damages

    在法律允許的范圍內，在任何情況下，對因使用或未能使用「我的ups 」 、 ups系統、服務、內容或信息而產生的任何偶然的、間接的、典型的、懲罰性的或因果性的損害、利潤損失或因資料丟失或商業中斷導致的損害， ups及其附屬公司、許可人、供貨商或在「我的ups 」提及的任何第三方，不向您承擔責任，無論該損害是基於保證、合同、侵權行為、不法行為或其他法律理論而提出的，即使ups事先被告知該損害的可能性也不承擔責任。
  13. Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

    再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。
  14. The main inadequacies include : firstly, the decreasing and recycling of the urban wastes are n ' t the main direction of the legislation ; secondly, the current laws and rules are too principled to operate efficiently ; thirdly, the current established administrative system is disadvantageous for the prevention and solution to the urban wastes to get out of the predicament ; fourthly, the laws themselves are dissatisfactory

    不足之處主要有：城市生活垃圾減量化、資源化未能成為立法的主要方向。現行法律規定過于原則，不利於實際操作。現行法律確立的管理體制不利於走出城市生活垃圾污染防治工作困境。
  15. " the challenge of modern sci - tech to the law " is part one. the antenna of sci - tech deepgoing the diversiform bedding surface of law with the high development of the modern sci - tech. no matter legislation, judication and law methodology have some research directions in the modern sci - tech impact. the representation of the challenge of modern sci - tech to the legislation are legislation activity, legislation field and division law etc

    圍繞以上內容本文分為三章：第一章為「現代科技對法律提出的挑戰」 ，隨著現代科技的高速發展，科技的觸角也伸入到法律的各個層面，無論是立法、司法還是法律方法論都在現代科技的沖擊下呈現出一些新的研究方向。
  16. Under the all different structures " combination, the water surface had large bias and turn - around in the torturous path, and in the middle of the path along the longitude, there had the regularity that sink bank surface was higher than the convex bank one

    在所有結構組合條件下，彎道水面都有較大偏斜和扭曲，並且在彎道中部主法線方向上，基本為凹岸水面高凸岸水面低的規律。
  17. France expects the poorer party, usually the wife, to start fending for herself almost immediately ; england and some american states insist on lifelong support

    法國法律傾向于讓財產較少的一方，通常是妻子，離婚後馬上自力更生；英國以及美國一些州府的法律則有終身支付生活費的規定。
  18. Although china ' s traditional law culture has its own values and advantages, it is conflicting with modern legal regulation in the basic ideas and orientations. this conflict is mainly manifest in four aspects : first, it is the conflict between law principles of universal equality and that of specific privilege belonging to feudal society ; second, it refer to the conflict between principle of supreme law and tradition of supreme power ; the third conflict is that of concepts between just procedures and empty procedures ; the fourth one refers to the conflict between principles of legal regulation to guarantee rights and legal orientation of instrumental awareness

    雖然中國傳統法文化也自有它的價值和可取之處，但是從基本理念和價值取向上，其與現代法治是沖突的，這種沖突主要表現在四個方面：法律普遍性平等性原則與「禮治」等級特殊性原則的沖突；法律至上原則與權力至上傳統的沖突；程序正義觀念與程序虛無觀念的沖突；保障權利的法治原則與工具意識的法律取向的沖突。
  19. From spiritual level, the professionalization of judges has four characteristics : ( i ) common belief in law ; ( ii ) common professional ethics : judges are only faithful to law ; ( iii ) common tropism in value ; ( iv ) common professional skills, namely, common way of thinking, legal language legal methodology

    從精神層面上說，職業化法官有4個特點： （ 1 ）有共同的法律信仰； （ 2 ）有共同的職業倫理，法官只忠實法律； （ 3 ）有共同的價值取向； （ 4 ）有共同的職業技能，即共同的法律思維、法律語言、法律方法論。
  20. By adopting a compared study approach, the chapter states that the system represents an important development of international law in three senses : ( a ) it puts into practice the basic idea that international dispute settlement should be " regulation oriented " instead of " strength oriented " ; ( b ) it is an effective attempt to create a relatively independent judicial system within international organizations and ( c ) it manages to create a new vehicle for peaceful < wp = 4 > dispute settlement that integrates legal approach with diplomatic approach

    本章通過比較研究，首先闡述了wto爭端解決機制對國際法理論與實踐三個方面的重大發展：實踐了國際爭端解決從「實力導向」向「規則導向」發展的基本理念、對于在國際組織內建立一套相對獨立的司法制度進行了卓有成效的嘗試、建立了一種以法律方法為主外交與法律方法相結合的和平解決國際爭端的新型方法，然後從三個方面闡述了wto爭端解決機制對國際法發展的重大影響：國際法與國內法關系方面、國家主權理論方面、法律一體化進程方面。
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