Cryptic species have been found in a wide range of marine organisms ; with majority of them are benthic invertebrates. in contrast, marine holoplanktons are thought to have lower diversity and slow speciation due to their strong dispersal potential. this paper reviewed studies on cryptic species and speciation in marine holoplankton. based on findings in 38 studied taxa, it was concluded that : 1 ) cryptic species are pervasive in marine holoplankton, suggesting holoplankton speciation was more active than previously thought ; 2 ) current morphospecies diversity is untenable to reflect true species diversity in marine holoplankton ; 3 ) geographic isolation may facilitate cryptic speciation of marine holoplankton. however, contribution of allopatric speciation is still questionable ; 4 ) ecological speciation may be the prevailing speciation mode in marine holoplankton. cryptic speciation in marine holoplankton is paradoxical, because rapid speciation under strong gene flow is countertuitive. solution of this paradox will help us gain deep insights of marine speciation and biodivesity
隱種廣泛存在於各類海洋生物中，尤其是底棲無
脊椎動物.然而，海洋終生浮游生物由於具有較強的擴散能力，往往被視為生物多樣性低、物種
形成慢.本文就海洋終生浮游生物隱種與物種
形成的研究作一綜述.基於研究的38個種類，結果表明: 1 ）海洋終生浮游生物普遍存在隱種，其物種
形成要比想象得快; 2 ）由於引種的廣泛存在，
形態種生物多樣性無法反映海洋終生浮游生物真正的物種多樣性; 3 ）地理隔離有助於海洋終生浮游生物隱種的
形成，但異域物種
形成的作用仍值得商榷; 4 ）生態物種
形成很可能是海洋終生浮游生物物種
形成的主流模式.海洋終生浮游生物強基因流下快速的物種
形成有悖于生物進化常理，解決該悖論將有助於我們對海洋物種
形成和生物多樣性的理解
Effects of morphine tolerance on astrocytes of spinal cord posterior horn in rats
嗎啡耐受對大鼠
脊髓后角星
形膠質細胞的影響
Using the hulscher model of the formation of sand waves and sandbanks, under the ancient bathymetry, or under the modern bathymetry, the stokes number of the tidal flow and resistance parameter in the radial sandbanks satisfy the conditions for the formation of sandbanks. the research demonstrates that the dynamic flow conditions result in the development of tidal current sandbank. the radial sandbanks and it ' s asymmetrical distributions will still maintain in the future
應用hulscher沙波及沙
脊增長模式，通過對該海域斯托克斯數及底部阻力參數的計算首次發現，南黃海輻射沙
脊群海域在概化古地
形和現代輻射狀沙
脊群水下地
形情況下，其斯托克斯數及底部阻力參數均滿足
形成潮流沙
脊的條件。
As a new style of structure, steel - concrete composite spine girder with large cantilever beams has been more and more applied for its advantages such as beauteous build, outstanding mechanics and economical performance
鋼-混凝土組合
脊骨梁作為一種新型的結構
形式，以其結構造型美觀、力學性能好、經濟性等方面的優勢，在橋梁結構中得到了越來越廣泛的應用。
The protein nucleic acid complexes were identified by autoradiography for 48 h. the psg5heo and igfbp - 6 promoter pcat vectors were transfected into cos - 7 cells with iipofectamin2000 ; these cos - 7 cells where treated with 1 jxm e2, with lonm tcdd and with both lonm tcdd and 1 jxm e2, individually ; the cat protein was examined by cat - els a. results : the congenital skeletal defects in fetal rats were induced with 10 - 15ug / kg tcdd or with 100 - 140 mg / kg ra with dosage - dependence effect. the igfbp - 6 mrna in rat calvaria tissue and mc - 3t3 - el cells were increased with tcdd and ( or ) ra, whereas the cell proliferation and igf - 2 mrna in mc - 3t3 - el cells was decreased in the status of e2
結果: tcdd在大鼠胚胎發育時期具有骨骼致畸作用，骨骼發育畸
形包括:內翻足、
脊柱裂、顱面骨發育缺陷、無尾畸
形等;隨著tcdd濃度的升高（ 10一15林擴kg ） ，致畸率明顯上升（ 14 . 7 %一24 . 6 % ） ; tcdd和ra聯合用藥可以增強對大鼠骨骼發育的致畸效應; e :對成骨細胞內igf一2基因有正性調節作用，對igfbp一6基因有負性調節作用， tcdd可以抑制e :對細胞內xgf一2和igfbp一6的調節作用。
It has been suggested that both the nidge guide, and the strip-loaded guide can be fabricated with relaxed requirements for resolution and edge roughness.
已有人提出，如果放寬分辨本領和邊緣光潔度的要求，便能制備
脊形波導和條載
形波導。
Optical propagation characteristics of all - metal - cladding rib waveguide
全電極
脊形波導光傳輸特性
Ridges both on top and bottom surface … for your feet and floor
在拖鞋的鞋面和底部都有
脊形紋路… …適合你的腳和地板！
Influence of etching parameters on sidewall roughness of silicon based waveguide etched by inductively coupled plasma
脊形波導側壁粗糙度的影響
The soi single mode wave - guide with large cross - section can be realized by rib structure
Soi光波導採用
脊形波導結構可實現大截面尺寸的單模傳輸。
The sharp edge or ridge formed by two surfaces meeting at an angle, as in a molding
尖
脊兩個平面以某種角度相接所
形成的尖突的邊或
脊形，如鑄模中的
In the design of the switches, taking into account the experimentation condition and process in our laboratory, we choosed the oversized rib waveguide structure
在器件設計過程中，考慮到我們現有的實驗條件和工藝製作方法，採用了反
脊形波導結構。
And we simulated the optical field ' s propagation of the ridge wave - guide, y - type embranchment wave - guide, more embranchment wave - guide and x - type embranchment wave - guide
並利用計算機模擬出了
脊形波導、 y
形分支波導、多分支波導及x
形分支波導的光場傳播圖。
We had fabricated the variable optical attenuator of mmi structure with ridge wave - guide structure and also studied the reactive iron etching of silicon. at last, we tested the variable optical attenuator and draw some conclusions. after testing, we can draw a conclusion that the technology parameter of the device is ideal
在分析y分支和多模干涉器型（ mmi ）的光學衰減器結構的基礎上，採用
脊形波導結構製作了mmi結構的可變光學衰減器，並對硅的刻蝕技術進行了研究和探討，最後對制得的器件進行了測試研究。
The finite difference beam propagation method ( fd - bpm ) can simulate the performance of the waveguide accurately. single mode rid waveguide structure parameters are derived by variational - effective index method ; fd - bpm and its transparent boundary condition ( tbc ) are concerned, and then the eim used to transfer a 3d waveguide to 2d waveguide is analyzed ; finally we summarize the characteristic of the y branch
本文先利用變分有效折射率法推導出滿足單模傳輸的
脊形波導結構參數;接著介紹了有限差分束傳播法及求解的透明邊界條件，同時分析了將三維結構轉化為二維結構的有效折射率法，最後對y分支的特性進行了模擬。
Silicon v - groove structure can provide fiber with high precision orientation. so the problems about how to make light into soi efficiently and coupling between multichannel waveguide devices and fibers can be solved. the coupled mode theory of single - mode fiber and ridge waveguide has been described and analyzed, and the best coupling condition is obtained
本文圍繞硅v型槽的設計和製作，從理論上詳細分析了單模光纖與
脊形波導的模式特點，得出最佳的耦合條件，在此基礎上設計出最合適的硅v型槽結構。
The particularity of large - section rib waveguide with large refractive index difference in soi results in some special characteristics distinguished from other waveguides, which need elaborate explanation in theory. the large bent radius of the rib waveguide hinders the device performances from improving further, and confines the device to small channel number and simple functions
Soi材料上大折射率差
脊形波導結構的特殊性帶來了一些特殊的性質，必須從理論上深入地探討；
脊形波導大的彎曲半徑在某種程度上制約了soi波導器件性能的提高，使得多通道、多功能器件的發展受到限制。
In this dissertation, the varied characteristics of soi rib waveguide were investigated, and the calculated results as well as simulated plots in theory were presented. it was the first time that a 3d overlap integral method was used to calculate the transition loss between the rib waveguides and the slab waveguides, in which the effect of the mode distribution in rib waveguides on the coupling efficiency was taken into account
針對上述問題，本論文對soi波導的各種特性進行探討並給出了詳細的計算結果，首次用三維功率交迭積分法計算了soi波導器件中波導過渡區的損耗，這種方法考慮了脊形波導模式分佈對過渡區耦合效率的影響。
