連帶之債 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [liándàizhīzhài]
連帶之債
英文
joint and several obligation-
Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。As concerned as the external and internal validity of joint debts, the author contends payment, court ' sjudgement exemption of debt and so on should have absolute validity while debtor s postpone to fulfill his debt, the situation in which payor is unable to pay and so on should have relative validity
筆者認為成立連帶責任必須具備債的一方或雙方當事人為數人、債的標的須為同一、債務人之間須有連帶關系三個要件。其次論述了連帶之債的成因:法律行為和法律規定。（ including ， without limitation ， indebtedness owing by seller to third parties who have granted buyer a security interest in the accounts ， chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party ； and further including ， without limitation ， any and all attorneys fees ， expenses ， costs ， premiums ， charges and interest owed by seller to buyer ， whether under the agreements ， or otherwise ） whether due or not due ， absolute or contingent ， liquidated or unliquidated ， determined or undetermined ， whether seller may be liable individually or jointly with others ， whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable ， and includes sellers prompt ， full and faithful performance ， observance and discharge of each and every term ， condition ， agreement ， representation ， warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by seller under these agreements
這里的術語「負債」 「債務」 （以下一併簡稱為債務）應按照各自最廣泛的含義被使用，債務包括賣方先前、現在和今後，基於自願或非自願發生的所有預付款、負債、債務和責任，不論債務如何產生， （包括但不限於，賣方對已用自己的帳戶、動產文書或一般無體物向買方提供擔保利益的第三方之負債，並進而包括但不限於，賣方在協議等項下欠付買方的全部律師費、支出、費用、保險費、運費和利息） ，不論債務是否已經到期、是否必然發生、是否已清算、是否已決，不論賣方是單獨或與他人連帶承擔責任，不論債務的追償是否已經或將會受到時效法的阻礙，也不論債務是否已經或將要無法強制執行，賣方應當即時、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部條款、條件、協議、陳述、擔保義務和這些協議項下賣方應當履行的條款。（ including ， without limitation ， indebtedne owing by seller to third parties who have granted buyer a security interest in the accounts ， chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party ； and further including ， without limitation ， any and all attorneys fees ， expe es ， costs ， premiums ， charges and interest owed by seller to buyer ， whether under the agreements ， or otherwise ） whether due or not due ， a olute or contingent ， liquidated or unliquidated ， determined or undetermined ， whether seller may be liable individually or jointly with others ， whether recovery upon such indebtedne may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitatio or whether such indebtedne may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable ， and includes sellers prompt ， full and faithful performance ， o ervance and discharge of each and every term ， condition ， agreement ， representation ， warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by seller under these agreements
這里的術語「負債」 「債務」 （以下一併簡稱為債務）應按照各自最廣泛的含義被使用，債務包括賣方先前、現在和今後，基於自願或非自願發生的所有預付款、負債、債務和責任，不論債務如何產生， （包括但不限於，賣方對已用自己的帳戶、動產文書或一般無體物向買方提供擔保利益的第三方之負債，並進而包括但不限於，賣方在協議等項下欠付買方的全部律師費、支出、費用、保險費、運費和利息） ，不論債務是否已經到期、是否必然發生、是否已清算、是否已決，不論賣方是單獨或與他人連帶承擔責任，不論債務的追償是否已經或將會受到時效法的阻礙，也不論債務是否已經或將要無法強制執行，賣方應當即時、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部條款、條件、協議、陳述、擔保義務和這些協議項下賣方應當履行的條款。The terms indebtedness and obligations are （ hereinafter collectively referred to as the obligations ） used herein in their most comprehensive sense and include any and all advances ， debts ， obligations and liabilities of seller ， heretofore ， now ， or hereafter made ， incurred or created ， whether voluntarily or involuntarily ， and however arising （ including ， without limitation ， indebtedness owing by seller to third parties who have granted buyer a security interest in the accounts ， chattel paper and general intangibles of said third party ； and further including ， without limitation ， any and all attorneys fees ， expenses ， costs ， premiums ， charges and interest owed by seller to buyer ， whether under the agreements ， or otherwise ） whether due or not due ， absolute or contingent ， liquidated or unliquidated ， determined or undetermined ， whether seller may be liable individually or jointly with others ， whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes barred by any statute of limitations or whether such indebtedness may be or hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable ， and includes sellers prompt ， full and faithful performance ， observance and discharge of each and every term ， condition ， agreement ， representation ， warranty undertaking and provision to be performed by seller under these agreements
這里的術語「負債」 「債務」 （以下一併簡稱為債務）應按照各自最廣泛的含義被使用，債務包括賣方先前、現在和今後，基於自願或非自願發生的所有預付款、負債、債務和責任，不論債務如何產生， （包括但不限於，賣方對已用自己的帳戶、動產文書或一般無體物向買方提供擔保利益的第三方之負債，並進而包括但不限於，賣方在協議等項下欠付買方的全部律師費、支出、費用、保險費、運費和利息） ，不論債務是否已經到期、是否必然發生、是否已清算、是否已決，不論賣方是單獨或與他人連帶承擔責任，不論債務的追償是否已經或將會受到時效法的阻礙，也不論債務是否已經或將要無法強制執行，賣方應當即時、充分和善意的履行、遵守和完成全部條款、條件、協議、陳述、擔保義務和這些協議項下賣方應當履行的條款。Second, the paper compare the law of several civil law country : in modern times, all country regulate one joint and several obligation, which have difference in regulations
其次對各國的相關立法例進行了比較:近現代各國都只規定了一種連帶之債，但在具體規定上有所差別。This dissertation makes some critical analysis on the problem that joint liability is presumed when no promise or no clear promises exist. the form of guaranty liability and the form of bearing the form of guaranty liability refers to general liability or joint liability that the guarantor should bear
關于保證方式與保證責任承擔方式是指保證人承擔保證責任是一般保證還是連帶保證責任，其兩種責任方式的根本區別是該保證債務與主債務之間是否具有補充性。This organization has a distinctive characteristic as described by the following : the general partner provides limited funds to exchange the executive power in the partnership enterprises, meanwhile that has infinity liability to all partner debt. limited partner is responsible for most funds and shares the most profit, which has no executive power on the management but has the limited liability on the basis of the sums
這一合夥形態為大學生、科技人員等智能型人才從事創業投資提供了制度契機，他們可以考慮以科技成果出資，成為有限合伙人，承擔有限責任，既收經營之利，又無需負擔無限連帶責任之累;而財力雄厚的企業家，則以普通合伙人的身份加入合夥組織，普通合伙人以有限的出資，換取合夥企業事務的執行權，但需要對合夥債務承擔無限責任。Joint debts in joint liabilities are important both in practice and theory. while the joint creditor ' s rights are not attached much importance to because of their rare applications in practice
連帶之債中連帶債務在實務上和理論上具有重要意義，連帶債權則因在實踐中較少運用，不被人重視。Staring with the concepts and properties of joint liability, the author of this paper attempts to conduct studies with great emphasis the causes and effects of the joint debts and the creditor ' s rights, lists the current stipulations of joint debts in all our separate decrees, analyses the relationship and differentiations between the joint debts and the untruly joint debts, and finally proposes a few suggestions based on the current legislative situations
本文從連帶之債的概念及性質著手，著重分析了連帶債務、連帶債權的發生原因及其效力，羅列了我國各個單項法律就連帶債務規定的現狀，並分析了連帶債務與不真正連帶債務的聯系、區別，最後針對立法現狀提出了幾點建議。It is not the real joint debt that exists between the user and the used, and the compensation for the used is supposed to be the gross negligence of the used
使用人與被用人之間是不真正的連帶債務，使用人對被用者的追償應限於被用者的重過失。On the unreal joint and several obligation
試論不真正連帶之債The joint liability stipulations in the decrees of all countries are aimed to ensure the interests of the creditors who are obliged to be paid back by affordable debtors
各國法律規定連帶之債，其立法精神就是確保債權人的利益，使其能向最具償付能力的債務人請求給付。Joint debts mean that, if there are more than one creditor or debtor, each creditor is obliged to request the debtor ( s ) to pay back all liabilities, and vice versa, each debtor bears the full debt liabilities and is also responsible for the debts terminated after one - off payment
連帶之債指債權人或者債務人有數人時，各債權人均有權請求債務人履行全部債務，各債務人均負有全部給付的債務，且全部債權債務因一次全部給付而歸于消滅的債。Different rights to be paid are recognized by just one simple judgement but more than one furfillments in the end of this part, the notion, type and validity are well investigated, the norm that distinguishs joint and several liability from its unreal one is whether debors have subjective intention to fulfill their debts
第三，論述了連帶之債的外部效力和內部效力。最後，論述了不真正連帶責任的概念、種類及效力。筆者認為連帶責任與不真正連帶責任的區分標準是債務人就滿足債權目的上有無主觀上的關聯。For example, in the counterplead right of discontinuance, if debtor performs the right of discontinuance beyond due time or surrenders to perform it, it does n ' t effect guarantor to perform counterplead right of discontinuance. this treatise holds the opinion that the stipulation of the twentieth articles of guaranty law that " if debtor surrenders the counterplead right on debt, guarantor still has counterplead right " should be explained more broadly. the situation that debtor does n ' t perform discontinuance right or that debtor surrenders discontinuance right before obligee makes the request of debt should also be regarded as that debtor surrenders the counterplead right on debt
當事人對保證擔保的范圍或者物的擔保的范圍沒有約定或者約定不明的，承擔了擔保責任的擔保人，可以向債務人追償，也可以要求其他擔保人清償其應當分擔的份額」的規定雖然彌補了《擔保法》的立法不足之處、給予了提供物保的第三方和保證人平等的擔保人地位，卻又沒有分清保證人是承擔一般保證還是連帶責任責任的保證方式上的區別，因而過于絕對化，對于承擔一般保證的保證人而言，因為享有先訴抗辯權，不能和提供物保的第三方處于同一債務人位次，所以依然應當享有物保優先權。Basing on different reasons, each of the deltors, for the same content, should fulfill the responsibility to the creditors. after one of the deltor ' s fulfillment, others, as their creditors " purpose acheived, may get the right of refuting that they do n ' t need to fulfill it any more. such kind of delt is non - essential joint and several liability
不真正連帶債務是數個債務人基於不同的發生原因，就同一內容的給付，各負向債權人全部履行的義務;債務人之一完全履行后，其他債務人因債權人目的達到而獲得對債權人可以不再履行的抗辯權的債務。Last, the structure of joint and several obligation is analyzed. and the merit and demerit of several theory is discovered
最後，對連帶債務的構成要件加以分析，並比較不同學說的優劣之處。When the corporate cont ribution is above the statutory minimum requirement, but below the registered capital amount filed with the registration authority, and is insufficient to satisfy the minimum capital requirement demanded by the potential business risks accrued to specific industry or size of the corporation, serious under capitalization shall be deemed to exist. in this case, the doctrine of piercing corporate veil shall be applied, and the shareholders shall be held liable for the debt of the corporation. when other circumstances of insufficient contribution made by the shareholders occur, the creditors may demand such shareholders to make up the contribution to the extent of the difference between the amount of the capital already made by the shareholders and the amount of the capital the shareholder subscribed
在股東出資瑕疵而使公司資本低於法律規定的最低資本額時，屬于設立瑕疵，宣布公司設立無效或撤銷公司登記，全面、永久、徹底否認公司人格，股東承擔無限連帶責任；公司資本已經達到法律規定的最低資本額但與在登記機關實際登記的資本不相符，並且不能滿足公司所從事的行業或規模對經營風險的最低要求時，則認定公司資本顯著不足，適用公司法人格否認法理，在個案中責成股東承擔無限連帶責任;在股東出資瑕疵的其他情形下，賦予債權人越過公司直接向股東追繳出資的權利，但債權人行使請求權的范圍為股東已經繳納的出資額和其認購的資本領之差額。分享友人