Previous researchers have always determined the sp atial distribution patterns ( sdp ) of castanopsis kawakamii with a sample - dis tance method. however, the distribution patterns may be affected by the quadrat si ze and, in the course of analysis, the density differences among the cluster plots are not considered ; therefore, differences of cluster plot size and the dispersi on degree among individuals of cluster plots can not be known. authers of this pa per have determined the spatial distribution patterns of castanopsis kawakamii population in different habitats by means of non - quadrat distance method and a nalysed the pattern intensity and grain of the sdp. the pattern intensity is defi ned with the relative density differences and the pattern grain can embody the d ispersion degree of the individuals in the plots, and the dispersion degree among the plots. the determined results are as follows. the intensities of the species range in order from strong to week : litsea mollifolia p. kawakamii i. purpure a r. cochinchinensis c. kawakamii c. carlessii d. oldphamii s. superba. the gra ins of the species queue in order from coarse to close : s. superba = litsea mollif olia r. cohinchinensis c. kawakamii = i. purpurea c. carlessii p. racemosam d. oldp hamii. these determined results tally basiclly with the results authers of this paper have got in determining the same plots by means of aggregate index access ing method. in view of this, it is held that the sdp of c. kawakamii is closely related to the habitats and biological features
前人都是採用樣方方法對格
氏栲種群數量的空間格局進行測定，而格局分佈有可能受樣方大小的影響，且分析過程中沒有涉及聚塊間密度差的問題，因而無法掌握種群的聚塊大小差別及聚塊內個體間的離散程度.本研究採用無樣方距離法，測定不同生境的格
氏栲種群空間格局，分析格
氏栲種群格局的強度和紋理.強度以聚塊和間隙的密度差來定義，紋理則是體現聚塊內個體間的離散程度與諸聚塊間的分離程度.測定結果表明，格
氏栲種群格局強度從高到低排列次序為：木姜子蚊母樹
冬青茜草樹格
氏栲米櫧虎皮楠木荷；格局紋理從粗到細的順序是：木荷=木姜子茜草樹格
氏栲=
冬青米櫧蚊母樹虎皮楠.這一測定結果與作者採用聚集度指標測定相同樣地格
氏栲種群空間格局的結果基本相符.因此，格
氏栲空間格局類型及分佈與格
氏栲生物學特性及生境的關系密切
Capturing this classic japanese winterscape on film wasn ' t a comfortable experience for german photographer martin eisenhawer under subfreezing temperatures
捕捉到這幅美麗的日本
冬日景象對攝影師來說實屬不易。這幅作品是在日本北部北海道拍攝的，當時的氣溫還不到零攝
氏度。
The temperature of the hibernating animals falls to just below zero centigrade
動物
冬眠的溫度正好是攝
氏零度。
The hakka treasure their own historical legacy and there are many fascinating historic landmarks, amongst them the famous matsu temple and changli shrine in neipu, the hsiao residence in chiatung the current restoration is due to be finished in early 2003, and the liu family ancestral hall in wukoushui
客家族群慎終追遠，留有許多古跡，其中內埔鄉有著名的天後宮與昌黎祠，佳
冬的蕭家古宅九十二年初整修完畢與五溝水劉
氏宗祠也頗有可觀。
During winter nights and under clear skies, the ground surface is cooled rapidly by radiating heat off to space. the air temperature near the ground will also fall and when the grass temperature drops below zero degrees celsius, hoar frost will form by direct sublimation of water vapour onto the grass surface
在
冬天的晚上，如果天氣晴朗，地面的熱量會透過輻射快速散失，貼近地面的空氣也同時降溫，當草面溫度降到攝
氏零度以下時，空氣里的水蒸氣便會在草面凝華成為白茫茫的霜。
From december, 2000 to octomber, 2001, 114 specimens of the adult fish in pelteobagrus vachelli, with body weight of 47. 60 - 165. 30g, were collected in 5 periods, i. e. the winter, spring, spawing, spent and autumn, in the jialing river
於2000年12月至2001年10月由嘉陵江收集野生瓦
氏黃顙魚
冬季、春季、繁殖期、繁殖后和秋季成魚標本114尾，體重變幅為47 . 60 - 165 . 30g 。
After some initial reluctance 16 - year - old tania gleefully frolicked in the snow, while the temperature outside her personal blizzard hovered at 20 degrees celsius ( 68 degrees farenheit )
面對突如其來的「隆
冬」 ， 16歲的塔妮亞起初還猶猶豫豫地不敢出籠，但不久便滿心歡喜地在皚皚白雪中玩耍起來。而此時， 「風雪交加」的熊舍外的氣溫為攝
氏20度。
However, december 5 and 6 were doubly auspicious days for them because not only was it the king s birthday but also master visited the mountain area to distribute essential items to make the winter months more bearable the winter temperatures in the mountain areas of northern thailand can be as low as 5 degrees celsius
然而十二月五日六日卻是他們雙喜臨門的好日子，欣逢泰皇壽誕，師父也駕臨山區探訪，並發放民生必需物資，以備他們度過嚴
冬泰北山區
冬季溫度低達攝
氏五度。
It is called icewine because the grapes are frozen when harvested in the middle of winter, at temperatures below - 8 ? celcius
它被稱為冰酒的原因在於它一年只被採收一次?而收成期則是在攝
氏零下八度的
冬季中期。
Derek yee was born and raised in hong kong. he started his career as an actor at shaw brothers movie studio after he graduated from high school. during his time at sb, he has appeared in more than forty movies, including
爾
冬升，一九五七年出生於香港，中學畢業后加入邵
氏成為演員，演出數十部電影，包括《三少爺的劍》 、 《倚天屠龍記》 、 《如來神掌》 、 《再見七日情》等。
Winter temperatures can fall as low as 2 degrees celsius, especially in the southwestern region. occasionally, sub - zero temperatures may be recorded in the latter region
冬季氣溫可降至2攝
氏度，特別是在西南部地區，氣溫偶爾會降至零下。
Conditions in mongolia make vegetarianism difficult. for example, less than one percent of the country s land is arable and during the coldest months temperatures can fall to - 30 celsius. however, the mongolian practitioners longing for the truth has helped them surmount all obstacles
以蒙古的環境而言，吃素是有些困難，尤其
冬天最冷時，氣溫可降到攝
氏零下30度，可耕地不到百分之一，但是基於對真理的渴求與解脫的渴望，使他們克服了所有的障礙。
When winter temperatures fall to minus 20 f ( minus 29 c ), poor families regularly scale the steep and slippery 500 - foot - high ( 150 meters ) waste pile to scavenge for pieces of coal to heat their homes
當
冬天氣溫降到攝
氏零下29度，貧困戶常爬上峭而滑的150米高的煤渣堆，尋找未燃盡的煤塊來為家中加熱所用。
Swimmers prepare to jump into lake geneva. more than 700 reckless men and women swam in the 40 - degree water during the annual christmas swim
冬泳者們正準備跳到日內瓦湖裡。有超過700名男女「楞子」會在一年一度的聖誕游泳活動當天，跳到華
氏40度的湖水裡一游為快。
It ' s very cold here in winter. the temperature is about 20 degree celcius minus
這兒的
冬天天氣很冷氣溫在零下20攝
氏度左右。
Hundreds of these gentle giants migrate from coastal habitats to the springs each winter to bask in their constant and comparatively balmy 72 - degree fahrenheit ( 22 - degree celsius ) waters
每年
冬天，這種溫文爾雅的大塊頭便成群結隊的從它們的沿海棲息地遷徙到這些泉水中，享受這片保持在72華
氏度（ 22攝
氏度）的相對溫暖的恆溫水域。
Winter temperatures average 30 d3egrees below zero in the arctic
北極的冬天，氣溫平均在攝氏零下30度左右。
