結構基準重量 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [jiēgòujīzhǔnzhòngliáng]
結構基準重量 英文
airframe unit weight
  • 結 : 結動詞（長出果實或種子） bear （fruit）; form （seed）
  • 構 : Ⅰ動詞1 （構造; 組合） construct; form; compose 2 （結成） fabricate; make up 3 （建造; 架屋） bui...
  • 準 : Ⅰ名詞1 （標準） standard; guideline; criterion; norm 2 （目標） aim; target Ⅱ動詞1 （依據; 依照）...
  • 重 : 重Ⅰ名詞（重量; 分量） weight Ⅱ動詞（重視） lay [place put] stress on; place value upon; attach im...
  • 量 : 量動1. （度量） measure 2. （估量） estimate; size up
  • 結構 : 1 （各組成部分的搭配形式） structure; composition; construction; formation; constitution; fabric;...
  • 重量 : weight; scale; heft
  1. We find that the petrology characteristic of all the samples have no characteristic of meteoric water such as geopetal structure, infiltrative sand, ( uniform cement and gravitational cement on base of the research of the dolomite in the regions. on the dot diagram of combination of mgco3 ( mol % ) and sr, the dot are all close to the line of seawater whether they are microlite - crystalline penecontemporaneous dolostone or diagenetic dolostone of various crystals. the 87sr / 86sr value of dolostone or matrix is less than the one of sparry calcite in cave or vein, and close to the value of seawater

    通過本區白雲巖的研究發現：已有的白雲巖樣品的巖石學特徵沒有顯示出如示底構造、滲濾沙、新月型膠結物和重力膠結物等大氣淡水作用的特徵；在白雲石mgco _ 3mol百分數和白雲石sr含量的投點圖中，無論是準同生成因的泥?微晶白雲巖，還是粉?細晶（或中晶，或細晶以上的不等晶）的成巖白雲巖，均投在海水線的附近；白雲巖（或基質）的~ （ 87 ） sr / ~ （ 86 ） sr比值顯著低於與孔洞或脈中充填的亮晶方解石，且與海水值十分接近， ~ （ 13 ） c和~ （ 18 ） o值顯著高於孔洞或脈中充填的亮晶方解石，也偏向于海水值； mn含量則顯著低於孔洞或脈中充填的亮晶方解石。
  2. Therefore, the paper expanded eles, namely, turned the above assumption into the following : all the consumers in the same income level have the identical marginal budget share or the identical marginal propensity to consume when consuming certain goods, but consumers in different income level have not and the paper, by defining and introducing the nominal variable of income level - a variable of the marginal propensity to consume only resulting from the change of consumers " ( rural residents ) income level, with which the standard income level was compared, adopted to expand again the extended eles model, exploited the surveying household data in 2001 by liaoning statistics bureau, caculated ( 1 ) the marginal propensity to consume, real expenditure structure, real propensity to consume and marginal budget share of main consumer goods of rural residents in different income levels ; ( 2 ) the proportion of the basic demand quantity, the basic demand structure, the basic demand of main consumer goods in real expenditure of livelihood consumption ; ( 3 ) the income elasticity of demand, the expenditure elasticity of consumption, the price elasticity of demand and the cross price elasticity of demand of main consumer goods ; finally, came the following conclusions : 1

    故本論文採用對擴展的線性支出系統進行再擴展，即將上述假定改為： 「對某類消費品的邊際預算份額或邊際消費傾向，對于同一收入等級的所有消費者均相同，但對于不同收入等級的消費者則有可能不同。 」並通過定義和在模型中引入收入等級虛變量，藉以代表與基準的收入等級相比，消費者（農民）僅僅由於其所處的收入等級變化所導致的邊際消費傾向的變化量。本論文採用對擴展的eles模型的再擴展，利用遼寧省統計局農調總隊的2001年農村住戶調查分戶資料（共1890戶） ，計算了（ 1 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類型消費品的邊際消費傾向、實際支出結構、實際消費傾向、邊際預算份額； （ 2 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類型消費品的基本需求量、基本需求結構、基本需求占實際生活消費支出比重； （ 3 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類摘要型消費品的需求收入彈性、消費支出彈性、需求自價格彈性、需求的交叉價格彈性。
  3. With the development of the network and the multi - processor system, the research, simulation and the impemeni of the system - level fault diagnosis which is the very important means to increase the reliability of the system, are becoming more and more important. on the system - leve1 fault diagnosis, based on the group theory of system - level fault diagnosis that has been put forward by pro f zhang, the paper constructs newly the theory bases, improves on the matrix method, reinforces and consummates group arithmetic of all kinds of test mode, for the first time, analyses and discusses the equation solution of all kinds of models, so al1 the consistent fault patterns ( cfp ) could be found, straightly and high efficiently, even if the sufficient and necessary condition of t - diagnosable is dissatisfied and the complexity of system - level fault diagnosis is greatly decreased, especialy in strong t - diagnosabl6 system. last the simulation system ' s function has been extended and the application hotspot and the development trend have been disscussed

    本人在張大方教授等人提出的基於集團的系統級故障診斷的理論基礎上，重新構建了系統級故障診斷的理論基礎，定義了系統級故障診斷測試模型的三值表示；改進了系統級故障診斷的矩陣方法，重新定義了測試矩陣、鄰接矩陣、結點對、結點對的相連運算、極大準集團和斜加矩陣，由此能直觀、簡便地生成集團和極大獨立點集；補充和完善了各類測試模型的系統級故障診斷的集團演算法，通過定義集團測試邊和絕對故障集，簡化了集團診斷圖，由此能較易地找到所有的相容故障模式，即使不滿足t -可診斷性，大大減少了系統級故障診斷的復雜度，尤其是對強t -可診斷系統；首次分析探討了各類測試模型的方程解決，由此從另一角度能系統地、高效率地求出所有的相容故障模式（ cfp ） ：擴充了系統級故障診斷模擬系統的功能，快速、直觀和隨機地模擬實驗運行環境，進行清晰和正確的診斷，同時提供大量的實驗數據用於理論研究，優化演算法和設計。
  4. The train of thought is : on the basis of the different factors and importance which effect the land use intensive level, economic benefit and environmental benefit, it determines the evaluation index system and the weight value. based on the standardized firsthand data, it defines weighted sum to found a composite index. thus arranging the composite index in mathematical order, it fixes quantitatively the land use intensive level, economic benefit and environmental benefit to demonstrate quantity, structure, scale, benefit and distribution on land use in small - towns of chongqing

    其評價思路為:根據影響小城鎮土地集約利用水平、土地利用經濟效益、環境效益的各因子及其重要程度的不同，確定評價指標體系及指標權重，在對原始數據標準化的基礎上，按照指標權重，將各指標值加權求和，得到小城鎮土地集約利用、土地利用經濟效益、環境效益的綜合指數，按綜合指數從大到小的順序對各評價單元進行排序，定量地確定小城鎮土地集約利用水平、土地利用經濟效益、環境效益，從而找出重慶市小城鎮土地利用的數量、結構、規模、效益特徵及布局特點，根據小城鎮土地利用與區域社會經濟發展的互動關系，分析存在的問題及原因，為小城鎮土地利用優化配置、小城鎮建設用地指標管理提供借鑒。
  5. Based on the perturbation riccati transfer matrix method, the calculating program are developed. the program can be used to the perturbation analysis and the sensitivity analysis of the real and complex, the single and repeated eigenvalues and eigenvectors for lateral vibration of rod and beam structures, especially suitable to the perturbation analysis and the sensitivity analysis of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for rotordynamic systems ; 2. the perturbation riccati transfer matrix method was applied to identify the parameters of the rotor for a boiler supply pump, and the accurate dynamic model of the rotor was archived

    該程序可以對桿、梁結構橫向彎曲振動的實數、復數的孤立和重頻特徵值問題進行攝動分析和靈敏度分析，特別是適合於轉子動力學系統特徵值和特徵向量問題的攝動分析和靈敏度分析； 2 、用攝動riccati傳遞矩陣方法解決了某電站鍋爐給水泵轉子的參數識別及動力模型修改的問題，並給出了該種型號的給水泵轉子的更準確的力學模型，為進一步的轉子動力學分析與設計奠定了可靠基礎； 3 、給出了攝動理論在相關領域如隨機特徵值分析、隨機振動響應分析、可靠性分析、靈敏度分析、優化設計以及參數識別中的應用公式。
  6. Just as most of the natural language process technologies, the methods of ner have two classes, statistic - based and rule - based. considering of the limitation of using only one of the methods, we combined both of the methods to recognize named entity in this thesis. we combined the maching learning with ner to make the system get the ability of self - learning. we have done research on decision tree of maching learning mainly and designed a recognize model to recognize named entity. this model first used the probability and statistic way to extract the potential named entities, and then some context linguistic language information are employed in the model to recognize the named entities furtherly. as the wrong entites are denied, the recongnize effect has been improved

    鑒于單獨採用基於統計方法或基於規則方法的缺陷，在這篇論文中，採用了統計與規則相結合的方法來識別命名實體。為了使系統具有學習能力，我們把機器學習方法應用於中文命名實體的識別，這里我們著重研究了機器學習中的決策樹方法在中文命名實體識別中的應用;設計了一種基於決策樹的識別模式，該模式首先利用概率統計方法，在文本中盡量完備地識別出潛在的命名實體，然後利用潛在命名實體相關的上下文詞法、語法和語義特徵作為屬性構建決策樹，否定不正確的實體，進一步提高了命名實體識別的準確率。
  7. In this paper, a series of surveys on road condition, pavement - performance and destroy reason are analyzed, soil property, hydrologic regime are combined, modulus of resilience are confirmed on heavy compaction test, foundation classification in area of qinhuangdao is divided into 3 grades and highway is divided into 3 districts according to the principle that different soil grades produce the same effect on thickness of base course or bottom course, classification of traffic is divided into 4 grades after observation materials of traffic volumes are collected extensively, traffic characters and parameters are analyzed

    本課題在對現有路面結構狀況和使用狀況進行調查，並對路面使用性能和破壞原因進行分析的基礎上，結合秦皇島地區的土質、水文條件，確定重型擊實標準條件下土基回彈模量值，依據不同等級土基對路面基層或底基層的厚度產生大致相同效應的原則，將秦皇島地區地基強度等級劃分為三級並將本地區公路分成三個區。在廣泛收集交通量及組成的觀測資料，了解交通特性，進行交通參數分析后將交通量等級劃分為四級。
  8. Without using a model whose topology is known for mesh fitting, the algorithm simplifies the 3d surface topology problem to 2d surface topology problem by projection. then the best 3d surface topology is deduced using the minimum summing of spans criterion based on the " minimum offset " criterion which is proposed in this paper to determining the points links between two adjacent contours. the custom software is designed for 3d rendering using opengl interface

    為解決不平行輪廓的重建問題，本文用投影的方法把三維表面拓撲結構問題轉化為二維表面拓撲結構問題；為確定平面輪廓間點的對應關系，本文提出基於最小偏移量準則的輪廓拼接演算法並用跨段之和最小準則來確定輪廓拼接的起始點和最佳可接受的表面，從而確定三維表面的拓撲結構。
  9. On the basis of relative researches in the world, according to the study status of steel - concrete composite slab, which would be widely used in modern bridge, modified equivalent inflexibility of steel - concrete composite slab was deduced by use of conversion section principle in this paper ; based in this, this paper put forwards the theory of ultimate flexural capacity of steel - concrete composite slab in consideration of slip effect, and introduces the practical simplified method for calculating flexural deformation of steel - concrete composite slab in consideration of the effect of steel studs and welded wire, and conclude that the methods in this paper is veracious and reliable, comparing with the traditional calculating mode ; morever, this paper put forwards the calculating theory and program of the effect analysis of creep and shrinkage to steel - concrete composite slab, using conversion elastic modulus principle, and testifies that the theory is right and the program is reliable and practical

    本文在國內外研究成果的基礎上，針對壓型鋼板與混凝土組合板結構在現代橋梁建設中廣泛應用前景和研究現狀，利用換算截面法導出了壓型鋼板與混凝土組合板結構的修正等效慣性矩；在此基礎上，又推出了考慮壓型鋼板與混凝土之間的相對粘結滑移影響的壓型鋼板與混凝土組合板結構極限抗彎承載能力計算理論，並介紹了考慮栓釘、聯結件影響的壓型鋼板與混凝土組合板結構簡化實用撓曲變形計算公式，而且通過與傳統計算理論的分析比較，表明本文提出的計算理論公式的準確可靠性；此外，採用換算彈性模量比法著重提出了壓型鋼板與混凝土組合板結構的徐變、收縮效應分析的計算理論和程序，並通過實例分析計算證明了理論的正確性、程序的可靠性和實用性。
  10. Based on data cloud, which is measured from 3 - coordinate measuring machine ( cmm ) or so, an algorithm to search lopological structure from 3d unorganized points using envelopment - box technology is proposed in this thesis. based on this method, we searching neighbor points of sampling point. we also improve the max - min angle criteria to realize local triangulation, and then get the normal of sampling point from the triangulation

    本文以測量得到的曲面數據點點雲為基礎，提出了一種基於包圍盒的自動尋找三維散亂數據點之間拓撲結構的方法，採用該方法尋找采樣點的鄰域結點，並對三角剖分中的典型優化準則?最小內角最大準則提出了改進，按照改進后的優化準則實現了采樣點的局部三角劃分，並進一步求解得到采樣點的法向量，依據法向量及鄰域拓撲關系在二次曲面的基礎上實現了散亂數據曲面重構中的數據點的自動分類。
  11. Secondly, the content, evaluating guideline system of the food security cost were discussed, and the quantitative analysis of the food security cost at the view point of center finance expend from reform and opening of china was given. threely, the influnce factors of chinese food security under wto were analyzed thoroughly, and the new stratagem of food security - - big food and little grain ration was proposed, and the food security and its types were discussed. the article thought that ensureing the food security hi the reason cost is the process both food security control was improved and microcosmic foundation was intensified increasingly, that the moderation scale of chinese food security repertory, that the rules, which includes negative correlation alteration of agriculture proportion and modern, etc. must be followed, and that the project of water from south to north must give attention to two or more things water need of food produce ability and output

    認為中國糧食安全與成本優化的過程是一個不斷改進糧食安全調控工作的過程，也是使微觀基礎得以強化的過程；按照社會可承受2的糧食可供波動與控制糧食儲備成本的標準計算，中國糧食安全儲備的適度規模為48872千噸；應根據「農業比重與農業現代化的負相關變動」 、 「比較優勢與農業保護的平衡運用」 、 「大糧食消費與增值的備擇性」 、 「產業結構調整與糧食產能保護的兼容性」等要求建立與實施旨在謀求糧食安全與產業結構調整協調的評價指標體系；北方地區對中國糧食生產與增產具有很強的正相關性，然而它正遭受著越來越嚴重的水缺乏的影響；南水北調工程必須兼顧糧食產能的用水需要，以有效緩解糧食需求的相對穩定與糧食產量波動相對較大之間的矛盾，從而達到減少儲備、節約成本的目的。
  12. Quantity of generating electricity should be also calculated while the river inflow, quantity of water transfer and its duration curve are taken into account. as a company, it is necessary to take a series of measures to increase its benefits while water transfer leads to the decrease of hydro power inevitablly. the efficient methods can be taken into account as follows : i ) to improve the forecast accuracy, to decrease surplus water, and to increase seasonal electricity energy, ii ) to raise the peaking ability of dan jiang kou power station to obtain peaking benefits, iii ) to choose a suitable site to construct a pumped storage plant for peaking benefits

    在進行以上四方面內容深入探討的基礎上，論文針對丹江口水利樞紐運行任務、運行方式的重大變化，提出漢江集團應採取以下因應措施以適應企業產業結構的調整，這些措施包括：準確計算發電效益減少值；合理地核算水源的供水成本；以上述兩項計算成果為基礎，核算企業結構調整后總效益變化量；提高預報水平，減少棄水量，爭取增發季節性電能；研究新的調度方式，提高電站調峰能力，提高電站的容量效益；在適當的地點修建抽水蓄能電站，提高電站的調峰能力。
  13. Based on the gathered data, especially displacement data, statistically analyzing and feed back according to various empirical methods, theoretical norm and fem computation are conducted so as to grasp the rules of deformation and stress of ground and structure, assess the stability of ground and structure as well as determine reasonable support time and parameters, ultimately achieve safety without compromised safety

    根據獲取的量測信息，尤其是位移信息進行統計分析，依照各種經驗方法和極限應變準則，以及有限元計算綜合進行反饋，把握重疊隧道採用先上後下多臺階開挖工法時圍巖和隧道結構的變形和受力規律，確認圍巖和隧道結構的穩定性，確定合理的支護時機和支護參數，保證施工安全的基礎上追求經濟性。
  14. Since high performance control logics are usually hard for non - scan test generation, dft structures could be embedded as offsets in tradition, while it will cause manufacturing cost increase and performance overhead. in this paper, an indirect test generation method based on retiming is proposed, which could dramatically reduce the cost of non - scan atpg without any loss of original optimized attributes. experiments on some iscas 89 benchmarks show the benefits of our approach in enhancing atpg of performance - driven logic

    對性能驅動控制邏輯進行測試生成難度較大，通常要加入可測性結構，但會影響原電路優化性能並增加生產成本.本文以重定時理論為基礎，提出了對高性能時序電路進行間接測試生成的方法，這種方法在不影響原電路任何優化特性的前提下，可顯著降低測試生成時間，提高測試生成質量.在iscas 』 89部分基準電路進行實驗，結果證明了其有效性
  15. At the same time, aircraft ' s mass properties are the bases of structure design and other disciplines involved in the design process. in order to ensure design success, it is crucial that database technology should be used in aircraft ' s mass property management and calculation

    同時，飛機質量特性數據是其它專業進行計算的基礎，是結構設計的重要依據，其計算的準確性和有效的管理直接關繫到飛機設計的成敗，利用數據庫技術進行飛機質量特性分析與管理是實現重量設計與管理的有效手段。
  16. Beginning with the states " assessing items of the traffic development, this paper presents the assessing items system of the traffic modernization through the analyzing about the characters of the traffic modernization by means of the quantitative calculation and the qualitative analysis. moreover, the aims in the different period of traffic modernization in shichuan province were referred through various models, according to the optimization of the whole scope and grade construction in every period of the traffic modernization and based on the traffic standard in the east west and middle areas of china. finally, a virtual developing strategy was formed, which supplied the assurance for the realization of economy modernization and pointed out the direction of traffic development in shichuan province

    本文正是針對這一問題，從對公路交通發展狀態評價指標的研究入手，通過對公路交通現代化的特徵分析，採用定量計算與定性分析相結合的方法，提出公路交通現代化的評價指標體系，並結合四川省的實際情況，對四川公路交通現代化的重點進行分析；在此基礎上，運用多種模型對四川省公路交通現代化各階段的公路發展規模和等級結構進行優化，並結合我國東、中、西部地區公路交通現代化標準，提出了四川省公路交通現代化各階段的發展目標；最後，本文還對四川省公路交通現狀及其與經濟發展的適應性進行了分析評價，找出四川省現狀公路交通系統中所存在的問題，依此制訂出四川省公路交通現代化發展戰略。
  17. This paper, regarding the asphalt pavement in the zhoukou region as the study object, according to the prevalent norms ( specifications for design of highway asphalt pavement ), with the beginning of the pavement performance and the transportation investigation, totally and systematically analyzes the traffic parameters and the destroying reason of pavement at the early stage in the point of fatigue property and limit strength, gives the concepts and methods of the growth rate of equivalent axle load action time, seasonal modification factor and overload factor, proposes the method of axle load conversion on the condition of heavy loading. on this basis, it proposes the design method adapting to asphalt pavement construction, explains the steps of thickness computation of construction with the combination of engineering example, finally verifies thedesign method in the paper by test road. theory and practice both prove that the reasonability of pavement structure style and the reliability of design method in the paper can adapt to the present heavy loading and overloading traffic conditions, have highly theoretical and practical value

    本文以周口地區瀝青路面為研究對象，以現行《公路瀝青路面設計規范》為依據，從路面使用性能和交通特徵的調查入手，從疲勞特性和極限強度出發分析了路面早期破損的原因，全面系統地進行了交通參數的分析，提出了當量軸次增長率、季節修正系數和超載系數的概念和方法，並提出了重載交通的軸載換算方法。在此基礎上，針對超載、重載交通從結構組合設計、結構厚度計算（包括疲勞強度標準和極限強度標準）等方面提出了適宜的瀝青路面結構設計方法，並結合工程實測，說明了結構層厚度計算的具體步驟，最後通過試驗路驗證本文提出的設計方法。理論與實踐均表明，本文提出的路面結構型式合理、設計方法可靠，能適應目前重載、超載交通的狀況，具有較高理論與實用價值。
  18. Institutional economics is its basic theoretical clue. the institutional approach includes : transaction cost is a basic view for housing finance institutions and a certain institution follows the principle of minimum transaction cost ; financial deepenness and financial function theories are important ways to understand housing finance institution ; a systematic institutional structure of housing finance comes from the interaction of social economy, culture and politics, and institutional bundling and embeddedness are common forms ; financial structure theory is a forceful quantitative way to analyses housing finance institutions ; minimization of transaction cost is the basic motivation for institutional transformation, and the basic ways are forced transformation and induced transformation ; equity and efficiency are basic criteria for evaluating housing finance institutions, which may implement through certain institutions while government acts as leverage between equity and efficiency. ( 2 ) multiformality and transformation of housing finance

    制度經濟學是基本的理論線索，制度分析範式包括如下方面：交易成本是考察住房金融制度的基本視角，特定的住房制度安排遵循約束條件交易成本最小化原則；金融深化和金融功能理論是理解特定住房金融制度安排的重要輔助方法；整體性住房金融制度結構的形成是包括社會經濟、文化、政治等各類制度在內互相影響、平衡的產物，制度捆綁和制度嵌入是常見的形式；金融結構方法是用制度分析方法解釋住房金融制度的有力的定量分析工具；住房金融制度變遷的基本動因是交易成本最小化（外部收益內部化） ，變遷的基本方式是強制性變遷和誘致性變遷；公平和效率是住房金融制度評價的基本標準，公平和效率通過一定的制度安排可以同時實現，政府在住房金融制度中起著平衡公平和效率的杠桿作用。
  19. In this paper, we first introduce the basic background of the study of nuclear structure, some elementary knowledge about and the latest achievements in the study of the phenomena of signature inversion ( si ). then the description of the two quasi - particles plus a rotor model ( prm ) of odd odd nuclei is given. by the model we perform the practical calculations of the yrast bands of some nuclei in a 100, 130 mass region

    本文首先簡要介紹了原子核結構研究的一些基本概況以及與旋稱反轉現象相關的一些基本知識和奇奇核旋稱反轉現象的最新研究進展；然後較詳細地介紹了用於奇奇核旋稱反轉研究的二準粒子加轉子模型（ prm ） ，著重對a 100 、 130質量區中的幾個奇奇核的暈帶能譜進行了實際prm計算，結合計算結果，討論了旋稱反轉、三軸形變以及反轉機制等相關問題。
  20. During the research, the author carried out the new methods. on the basis of combination of theoretical curriculum and practical curriculum, and the theory and the practice in curriculum structure, author puts forward the mode of the theory and practice unified teaching. it is instructed by the idea of ability - based teaching. on the basis of vocational analyses, form the mode of the curriculum system and set up the objections of three - section teaching, that is knowledge, ability and attitude. using the form of dividing students into groups, individualized teaching and individual form of organizational teaching to set up the interaction system of envaluation, through the method of co - operation and set up the main method of teaching mode of criterion evaluation and correcting in time. in the research, based on the theory suppose, the author used experiment methods as follows : 1 ) to develop curriculum and make up teaching outline and teaching plan, on the basis of analyzing of vocational post ability ; 2 ) to develop teaching resources on the basis of teaching materials ; 3 ) to draw attention on the ability - based on teaching ; 4 ) to carry out the teaching objections based on objective teaching ; 5 ) to get the aim both the teachers and students on the basis of applying the way of co - operation ; 6 ) to envaluate the teaching quality based on the ability of students

    通過整合學術性課程與實踐性課程，使理論與實踐在課程結構上融為一體等理論假設基礎上，提出「理論與實踐一體化」教學模式的設想：把「能力本位」的教育理念作為指導思想；在職業能力分析的基礎上，形成模塊式的課程體系；確立知識、能力、態度三個層面上的教學目標；採取分組式教學、 「個性化」學習、個別化的輔導等教學組織形式；倡導師生合作學習的教學方法；建立綜合能力評價體系，注重形成性評價和及時反饋矯正。在具體嘗試過程中採取了以下具體做法： 1 、以職業崗位能力分析為依據，開發課程、編寫教學方案； 2 、充分開發和利用教學資源； 3 、教師進行精心的課前準備，確定教學目標、認真準備教學現場、認真準備教學清單； 4 、著眼于學生技能的形成，合理安排教學過程； 5 、師生合作學習，共同達標； 6 、以學生能力形成為依據，評估教學質量。
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