高利債主 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [gāolìzhàizhǔ]
高利債主
英文
loan shark-
In analyzing the research of branch companies performance evaluation of ningxia yinqi group, pointed out the disadvantages and inelasticity of " production value and output " branch companies performance evaluation system type, and also pointed out the solution was establishing the type of " financial and developing " system, which was fit for the stratagems and the organize changing of the group. based on this, the qualitative and quantitative evaluation system and methods on financial benefit, asset operating, sinking ability and developing ability have been built. the system closely centered on the stratagem of subsistence, development and accrual combining with the influences of the performance
在建立下屬企業績效評價體系和方法的過程中，緊緊圍繞企業生存、發展、獲利的戰略目標要求並結合企業績效的實際影響因素，提出了以財務效益、資產運營、償債能力和發展能力為主導的定性和定量評價相結合的評價體系和方法，在評價指標的選取上做到互相補充，在評價方法上建立從單一評價到綜合評價直至形成整體評價的方式，在定性評價上採取了絕對數、相對數和相互對比評價的方法，在定量評價上結合層次分析法（ ahp ）等相關評價方法的基礎上建立了綜合評價模型，適合於計算機軟體處理數據以提高評價工作效率。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。Leveraged loans, which are mainly used to fund private equity - backed takeovers, and high - yield, or junk - rated, bonds accounted for 34 per cent of the total, up 8 percentage points from the same period last year
高利息貸款（主要用於為私人股本支持的收購交易融資）和高收益率債券（也稱垃圾債券）佔全部融資額的34 % ，較去年同期上升8個百分點。The essay raises that the focal point of chinese financial system reform should be to develop and perfect money market. on the base of analyzing both general functions of the market and special functions that the development of the market has influenced on chinese economy and finance, it objectively analyzes the current situation and outstanding problems of the market and advances major solutions to perfect the market, which is, with the premise of constructing credit bases of the market development and with the central task of raising the market efficiency, to perfect short - term bonds market ( including the repo market ) and commercial paper market, and to deepen policy functions of the market, for the sake of a stable and orderly market with substantial scale, united market organization, efficient clearing < wp = 5 > system, reasonable interest rate system, perfect medium organization and effective market supervision
本文認為，目前中國金融體制改革的重點應是發展和完善貨幣市場。本文在認真分析貨幣市場的一般功效以及貨幣市場的發展對中國經濟金融發展和改革的功效的基礎上，客觀分析了中國貨幣市場的發展現狀以及存在的突出問題，並提出完善中國貨幣市場的基本思路，那就是：以建設中國貨幣市場發展的信用基礎為前提，以提高中國貨幣市場的效率為主旨，完善同業拆借市場、債券市場和票據市場，深化貨幣市場的政策功能，其目標是把中國貨幣市場建成一個具備相當的規模、統一的市場組織、高效的清算系統、合理的利率體系、完善的中介組織以及有效的市場監管的穩定有序的貨幣市場。However, once we take all - sided and impersonal view over the housing finance, we will definitely realize the conflict between the high speed and the low efficiency of it. in this paper, it ' s analyzed that there ' re five factors affecting the efficiency of housing finance, based on the basic situation of china as a developing country and according to some related theories of the western economics. the first one is the dual - track interest rate which presumes that price of housing credit financing is under the control of government to a certain extent, and the rest is open
因此，本文從我國作為一個發展中國家? ?這一基本國情出發，以西方經濟學中有關理論為依據，分析影響我國住房金融效率的因素主要包括：利率雙軌，即一部分住房信貸資金價格受到政府的管制，而另一部分住房信貸資金價格則是開放的；住房金融機構產權不清，特別是政策性住房金融機構產權不清而導致金融創新動力不足，金融工具品種單一，不能滿足居民需求多樣化的要求；住房信貸中由於較高的交易費用，而使內耗偏高、效率降低；住房金融機構不健全，既不存在真正的住房金融機構又缺乏相應的擔保機構；此外，住房金融中融資機制不完備，長期信貸資金來源不足與資產負債的期限結構不匹配也是影響住房金融效率的一個主要因素。Section i mainly probes into the questions of the conception, nature, characteristics of the mortgage and the classification and variety of mortgage as well. while in section ii, the paper particularly analyzes the questions of the acquiring approach of mortgage, the parties to the mortgage contract, the target objects of mortgage contract, the prescription and content of mortgage contract, mortgage registration, the organizations of mortgage registration, the procedures of mortgage registration, etc. and section iii mainly illustrates the questions of the scope of creditor ' s rights of mortgage guarantee, the scope of target objects connected with the effect of mortgage, the party ' s rights and obligations in mortgage affairs ; the relationship between mortgage and guarantee, the conflicts between mortgage and other real rights granted by way of security
第一部分主要就抵押權及抵押的概念、性質、特徵、抵押權的分類、種類等問題進行了探討；第二部分著重分析了抵押權的獲得方式、抵押合同的當事人、抵押合同的標的物、抵押合同的訂立、內容，抵押登記、抵押登記機關、抵押登記程序；第三部分闡述了抵押擔保的債權的范圍，抵押權效力所及的標的物的范圍，抵押關系中當事人的權利義務，抵押與保證的關系，抵押權與其他擔保物權的競合，抵押權的處分；第四部分探討了抵押權的實現條件，抵押權的實現途徑，抵押權的實現方式，抵押權實現的限制，抵押權的次序，抵押權的消滅；第五部分重點研究了權利抵押權、最高額抵押權中的若干問題。Based on the analysis of commercial banks " current concept about fund management, this paper brings forward that fund management is the main - string in its operation, and that the concept of fund management, including security and profitability, is extended from current " forrying fund " to the management of the fund cost and fund risk the paper comprehensively discusses the principle of fund management, the management of fund costs, the tactics of management about fund liquidity, the measures of management about fund risks and how to solve the problems on interest risk in the period of frequent interest fluctuation. the paper puts forward ideas on how to improve the fund management. the security, liquidity and profitability of the fund, which are both contradictory and integrated with one another, are internal factors of fund management. fund liquidity is traditional core question. commercial banks face with a number of risks of witch credit risk is the greatest one because our country has adjusted interest rates 8 times since 1996, which covered a period of frequent interest fluctuation
商業銀行面對許多風險，但最大風險是信用風險。由於我國自1996年以來已連續調整了8次利率，近幾年是利率波動頻繁時期，研究利率的敏感性問題顯得特別重要。要改善資金管理，提高商業銀行的經營水平，就要建立資金管理是商業銀行經營主線的理念，對資金要統一規劃和管理；要改革銀行的體制，建立現代企業制度和法人治理結構，在體制上為資金管理提供有利的運行平臺；增加改善資金流動性管理所需的貨幣政策工具，擴大資金調控手段；打破貨幣市場的僵化局面，為資金管理創造有利的宏觀環境；續續優化負債結構和負債載體設計；增強資金信用風險規避和化解的措施；通過銀行資源整合，努力尋找資金的安全投放渠道，最終完成經營模式由傳統型向現代型的轉變。But currently our country " s financing system is entangled with the following problems : 1 ) the resources of fund supply are monopolized by the bank loans ; 2 ) the big four state - owned banks provide too few loans to msfs ; 3 ) the allotment of loans between different msfs is unbalanced mostly at state - owned msfs advantage ; 4 ) the financing funds from the internal and external firms are disproportioned and the ratio of debt to asset is too high ; 5 ) the capital market is almost closed to msfs and they have no qualification of bond issuance
而在我國目前的融資體制下，特許加盟企業存在著如下融資問題:資金供給渠道單一，主要是銀行貸款為主的間接融資:大型商業銀行對中小企業貸款份額較小:信貸融資在不同所有制中小企業之間的配置不均衡，銀行貸款偏重於國有和集體企業;企業內源融資渠道不暢，來自企業留存利潤部分的融資比例不高;直接來源的有效資金供給不足，尚沒有為中小企業服務的正規資本市場，中小企業發行債券受到限制。By researching, the major innovations of this paper are : ( 1 ) analysises the assets and liabilities table and the loss and gain table of life insurance companies in china from 1998 to 2001 in detail, comprehensively reflects the structure of assets and liabilites in the life insurance companies even in the whole life insurance industry of our country during the recent years ; ( 2 ) on the aspect of assets management, our country should reduce the proportion of monetory assets, improve the proportion of investment assets and establish the scientific investment management system, and suitably lower the proporty of the fixed assets on the premise of guaranteeing the operation ; ( 3 ) on the aspect of management of matching assets and liabilities, the life insurance company of our country should reduce the sales of the policies of prearranged high insuranc rate, develop the new type of life insurance products and match each policy with prearranged high interest rate with high interest rate investment correspondingly ; ( 4 ) as refering to the index system of assets and liabilities management of the commercial banks in our country, it has explored that of the life insura
第三部分從壽險公司的資產管理、負債管理、資產負債匹配管理及資產負債匹配管理評價指標四個方面進行了分析和研究。本文的主要創新之處是： （ 1 ）將自1998年至2001年國內所有壽險公司的資產負債表和損益表進行了詳細的分析，比較全面地反映了我國近年來各壽險公司及整個壽險業資產負債的結構狀況； （ 2 ）在資產管理方面，我國應適當降低貨幣類資產的比例、提高投資類資產的比例並建立科學的投資管理體系、保證經營的前提下適當降低固定資產的比例、盡量減少佔用類資產的比例等； （ 3 ）在資產負債匹配管理方面，我國壽險公司應盡量減少高預定利率保單的銷售、發展新型壽險產品，每銷售一批較高預定利率的保單就應選擇相應高利率的投資與之對應匹配； （ 4 ）借鑒我國商業銀行資產負債管理的指標體系，探討了壽險公司資產負債匹配管理的指標體系。However the depreciation of their premises value made them become negative assets and causes problems of liquidity. the worst is, some property owners are unable to afford the high interest rates or repay the difference between the mortgage amount and the market price, and as a result their premises were confiscated by banks and sold through public auction
他們很多是中小型食肆旅行社零售店的東主，樓市下跌令他們的物業變成負資產，導致很多中小企業周轉不靈，不但被銀行追討資不抵債的差價，還要負上沉重的額外高利息。Accompanying with the transformation of the system circumstances and specialized investment, incomplete property contract will continue adjust enterprise ownership marginally ; achieve the transition from element parties participate in contract to governance parties. at the same time, the dissertation analysis governance parties " dimension and the decision efficiency of muti - individual union decide. this led to plural - character of corporate governance parties
企業的不完全產權契約隨著制度環境和專用性投資的變化，不斷的對企業所有權進行邊際調整，實現參與契約的要素主體向公司治理主體的轉變，同時，通過公司治理主體維度和多個體聯合決策有利於提高公司決策效率的分析，導出了公司治理主體的多元化特徵；並從有效監控成本和收益、制度性安排、社會文化傳統等角度對股東、職工、經營者和債權人等多元利益主體的行為進行了分析。In order to improve the operation profits of commercial banks, not only the liability scale should be controlled rationally according to the difference between liability costs and assets return rate, as well as all kinds of capital operation opportunities, but liability interests structure, expiration structure and the structure of passive and active liability should be optimally reorganized
因此，為了提高商業銀行的經營效益，既要根據負債成本與資產回報率差額的大小以及有無適當的資金運用機會而對負債規模進行理性控制，又要對負債的利息結構、期限結構以及被動負債與主動負債的結構進行優化重組。On one hand, these reforms are caused by market and economic adjustment, on the other hand, it is also the initiative exploration of the administration structure but the exploration is unsuccessful, the corresponding results include that the financial burden is heavy, and bank and the listed companies sacrifice medium and small investor ' s interests etc. because the listed company only regards security market of our country as the place to use the fund free at first, there is no comparativity between utilizing bond financing, bank loan, and other channels to raise enterprise development funds and stock financing
從上世紀80年代初期以前的財政資金供給到銀行信貸資金的供給，再到利用資本市場進行股票及債券等融資方式的出現，這些改革一方面是市場以及經濟環境的變化引起的迫不得已的調整，另一方面也是企業（或主管部門）為了提高企業效率，完善企業內部治理結構的主動探索。但從結果上來看，這些探索並不成功，相應的出現了財政負擔過重，銀行不良資產過多以及上市公司犧牲中小投資者利益，在市場上「圈錢」等現象。由於上市公司最初僅僅是把我國的證券市場當作獲取免費使用資金的場所，利用債券融資、銀行貸款等渠道籌措企業發展資金和股票融資沒有可比性。In the counterplead right of prescription, that debtor fulfils obligation on his own will beyond prescriptive period of appeal should be regarded as that the new obligatory right and debt is founded and guarantor does n ' t continue the guaranty responsibility automatically. in the counterplead right of prior appeal, the stipulation of the twenty - fifth article of explanation of the supreme people ' s count that, if obligee of general guaranty appeals debtor and guarantor t
筆者認為，與抵押等物的擔保相比較，保證雖然存在著使債務落空的風險，但同時一也具有清償主體和保全財產擴大、成立手續簡便、經濟成本低且有利於社會資源的充分利用以及有利於整個社會信用體系的建立等諸多優點，因此必須站在保證擔保法律制度構建和完善的高度充分認識和看待保證人抗辯權制度的重要意義。To idiographic institution, the main causes of the debts forming are as follow : the finance rights and affair rights are digit in the process of the finance and tax system, the finance rights are up collecting, and the affairs rights are down moving, the finance gap formed in the process of the finance and tax system, the comparative economic shrink in the anaphase country reform, the finance ingathering became fewer : the political and the administration system reform is disjoint to the economic system reform, the village and town government financial action is lost echo obligation, the expenditure break through the budget, and so on, otherwise, the country financial system reform is lag, the invests are becoming bad for the country government intervention to economic field, the country government action is short of efficient criterion, cut down the centre transferring geld to the farmers and delay to carry out the legal payment ; the effective supervision to the loan is short of about national to the non - financial machine, and so on, so the debts form at last
但從根本講，還是制度的原因，是國家通過制度的安排來對利益進行重新分配，導致鄉鎮政府財政收入短缺，產生債務需求，最終形成債務。從具體的制度上看，主要有:財稅體制改革中的財權與事權的錯位，財權向上集中、事權不斷下移;農村稅費改革產生財政缺口;農村改革後期出現的經濟相對萎縮，財政收入減少;政治制度和行政管理制度改革與經濟改革脫節，鄉鎮政府財政行為失去應有的約束，導致開支突破預算等等，產生債務需求。另外，農村金融體制改革的滯后;鄉鎮政府對經濟領域的高度介入，出現經濟投資虧損;政府行為缺乏有效規范，截留老百姓的轉移支付款項、拖延履行法定支付義務;國家對非金融機構借貸行為缺乏有效監管等等，產生債務供給。Moreover, some of them become the baffling problems, such as the state - owned asset management system, the defining of property rights, the clearing of the relation between government and enterprise, the problem that the enterprise does things done by society, the high liability rate of soe etc. based on the relevant theory of institution economics, this paper mainly adopts the method of empirical analysis and comparative analysis to analyze these difficult problems
如國有資產的管理機制、產權的界定、政企關系的明確、企業辦社會的問題、國有企業的高負債率等，這些問題中所貫穿的一個根本問題，是如何處理政府與企業關系。本文主要利用制度經濟學的有關理論，採用實證分析方法和比較分析方法，分析我國國有企業改革過程中的這個難題。Yield comparison : because the banks invest most of the money raised by their financial products to inter bank bond market
一、比收益率：由於銀行將理財產品籌集的資金主要投向銀行間債券市場，其收益一般都高於同期的銀行存款利率，但也有一個上限。Tom ( including his representatives, heirs, successors, and assigns ) hereby completely releases and forever discharges the company, its affiliated, related and subsidiary entities, and each of their present and former shareholders, officers, directors, agents, employees, attorneys, successors, and assigns ( collectively, “ released parties ” ) from all claims, rights, demands, actions, obligations, liabilities, and causes of action of every kind and character, known or unknown, mature or unmatured, which he may now have or have ever had arising from any act or omission or condition occurring on or prior to his signing this agreement, whether based on tort, contract ( express or implied ), or any federal, state, or local law, statute, or regulation and any claims for attorneys ' fees
湯姆（包括其代表人、繼承人、后繼者和受讓人在內）特此放棄和永久解除因為在其簽署本協議之時或之前發生的任何行動、疏漏或情況而導致其目前或過往對本公司及本公司關聯、相關及附屬實體以及該等公司之現有及先前的股東、高級職員、董事、代理商、雇員、律師、繼任者及委託人（統稱「被解除方」 ）所主張的一切索賠、權利、要求、行動、義務、債務以及導致任一種類與性質之行動的各種已知或未知、成熟或不成熟的理由，無論該等主張基於侵權行為，合約（明示或暗示） ，或任何聯邦、州或當地的法律、法令或規章，以及關于律師費的索賠。Start from the study of the development and current station of the investment and fund circulation of infrastructures in cities in china, the thesis analyses the problems of the unclear faction of the goverment and the narrow channal and single way of financing and the trade monopolizing in it and then, at the request of rules of development of socialist market economy, useing the categorised theories of the products and service and the public financial theories in economics, the thesis tries to classify the projects of infrastructures into profit projects, quasi - projects and non - projects on the standard of profitable degree. and it presents the thoughts and goals of the reform of the investment and fund circulation of infrastructures on the study of the co - relation of the projects. the thesis maintains that establishing the investment and fund circulation company is the way of realization of the government inventment, and enlarge the investment scale through all kinds of channels, and raise the profitable degree of projects by establishing risk compensatory fund. the thesis compares the cost of the different financing waies and discusses the feasibility and necessity to issue the fund of city construction
然後，按照社會主義市場經濟發展規律的要求，應用經濟學有關產品和服務的分類理論、有關公共財政的理論，以城建項目的可經營程度為標準，把城建項目分為難經營性項目、準經營性項目和經營性項目三類。研究了三類項目之間在特定條件下相互轉化的關系，在此基礎上提出了城建投資融資體制改革的推進思路和目標模式。主張設立城市基礎設施投資融資公司作為政府投資的實現形式，對不同類別的城建設施項目採取多元化投資融資方式，廣泛利用股票、債券市場、產業投資基金、資產證券化等方式，擴大城建設施投資融資規模，並重視利用外資和bot項目融資方式，以及通過設立投資風險補償基金，提高項目的可經營性程度。With the development of corporation and corporate structure, cognate trade happened, cognate trade becomes wide - ranging and is allowed by law because it can accelerate corporate management, reduce trade costs and promote corporate competitions. but, as it exists conflict of interests and must lead to unfair in trade, cognate trade impairs other interest subject and is restricted strictly by law. because of traditional system, there are cognate relation in complicated state - owned enterprises and cognate trade widely in listed company
關聯交易具有促進企業規模經營、降低成本、提高企業市場競爭力等功能，在實踐中得到廣泛應用，也為各國法律所認可；然而，由於關聯方之間存在特定的利益關系，關聯交易不可避免地產生交易上的不公平，從而給其它利益主體（如中小投資者、債權人）造成損害，因而又受到法律的嚴格限制。分享友人