民事客體 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [mínshìkètǐ]
民事客體
英文
civil object-
Compared with the civil contract and the traditional administrative act, the administrative contract is of its own characteristics of the subject, the object and the relation of rights and obligations. based on the above, this article analyzes the legal position of the administrative contract
行政合同與民事合同及傳統意義上的行政行為相比較，在主體、客體和權利義務方面具有自身的特點，在此基礎上分析行政合同的法律定位問題。Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。The current public prosecution mode in our country took shape from the past whole case - examine mode in the base of the thinking to get ride of the drawbacks in the past. in practice, it has not only become effective and cause out a lot of new defaults, for example, the definition of the main evidence is not clear, the transfer range of the case files is unclear and the stipulate of the examine consequence is not enough. in order to reform and perfect the current public prosecution mode, we should regard the theory of the public prosecution as guide, combine our country ' s conditions, on methodology jump out of the circle relatively drawing lessons from the past, on the procedural theory, change the idea that the forejudge caused from the substantive examination and clarify the objective fact the current public prosecution include the essential substantive examination, in practice regard legitimacy, rationality and flexibility as the principle of law enforcement before the law to revise, in legislation define the concept of the main evidence clearly, add the regulation to dispatch the examine judge and the trial judge, regulate the treatment methods after examination and revise some rules about the summary procedure
以公訴審查制度的訴訟理念為指導，結合我國的國情，對現行公訴審查模式的改革和完善，在方法論上跳出以往比較借鑒的圈子；在訴訟理念上改變過去庭審法官預斷必然緣于實體性審查的觀念，以澄清現行公訴審查模式包括必要的實體審的客觀事實；在實踐中以合法性、合理性和靈活性作為立法修改前的執法原則；在立法上明確界定主要證據的范圍是對證明犯罪是否成立起主要作用或有重要影響的證據，其中既包括有罪證據也包括無罪證據，增加規定公訴審查法官與正式庭審法官分立制度，補充規定對公訴審查后開庭審理之外的其它情況的處理方法以及對於人民法院在審理過程中發現不宜適用簡易程序的，取消原刑訴法應當按照一般公訴案件適用的普通審判程序重新審理的規定，改為由審理該案件的獨任審判員以外的審判員重新組成合議庭對該案件進行重新審理等。The second part is on the present situation and existing problems of the recognition and enforcement of interregional civil decisions in china. firstly, from the three aspects of social system, genealogy of lav and coordinate organs, the author compares the recognition and enforcement of interregional civil decisions in china with that of many other countries, and introduces specific operations compared with other legal area and makes readers understand the present situations of that
二、中國區際民事判決承認與執行的現狀與存在的問題首先，從社會制度、分屬法系、協調機關三個方面分析了中國區際民事判決承認與執行與其他多法域國家的差異，並且客觀地、適當地介紹了各法域對于其他法域民事判決承認與執行的具體運作，勾畫出當前我國區際民事判決承認與執行現狀的基本輪廓。Discussion on the object of the suit for civil retrial
論民事再審之訴的客體Article 23 self - employed silversmiths in border areas inhabited by minority nationalities and in coastal areas with a concentration of relatives of overseas chinese, may engage in processing and repairing gold and silver articles for clients upon the approval of the people ' s bank of china at the county level or above and of the administration for industry and commerce, but are not allowed to purchase or sell gold and silver articles
第二十三條邊疆少數民族地區和沿海僑眷比較集中地區的個體銀匠，經縣或者縣級以上中國人民銀行以及工商行政管理機關批準，可以從事代客加工和修理金銀製品的業務，但不得收購和銷售金銀製品。The thesis lists five natures of the natural resources, on the base of which it discusses the merits and defects of the monopoly model and binary model, then presents the necessity of constructing a “ trisect model ” of real right system of natural resources. by making the comparison of nature and the objects between the civil real right system and the real right system of natural resources, this article believes that the real right system of natural resources, the need to implement the sustainable development strategy, is a new independent social right different from the civil real right system
本文深入的分析了自然資源的五大特徵（屬性） ，並以此為基點批判「一元」模式和「二元」模式的弊端與缺陷，提出構建「三元」模式自然資源物權制度的必然性;通過民事物權與自然資源物權在性質與客體兩方面的比較，認為自然資源物權是獨立於民事物權的新型權利，是環境危機背景下的可持續發展戰略的必然要求，屬于社會權，其制度構建應有別于作為私權代表的民事物權。The implementation of this system for more man ten years clearly shows that the multi - channel institution of retrial does not produce the desired effects. the present retrial system modelled itself mainly on that of the former soviet union, its operation in china gives rise to more state intervention than individual disposal, more layman recognised truth than truth recognised by law, seeking justice in substantial law more than legal procedure, and finally brings about " numerous applicants, unlimited lapse of time, high frequency, confused jurisdiction, unmethodical causes of action "
現行民訴法實施十多年的司法實踐表明發動再審程序主體的多元性並沒有產生預期的效果，由於現行的民事再審主要是參照前蘇聯模式，在再審程序的啟動上，強調國家干預權，忽視當事人處分權；在事實認定上，追求客觀真實，忽視法律真實；在糾錯上，注重實體公正，忽視程序公正；從而導致在實際操作中出現了啟動再審的「主體無限、時間無限、次數無限、審級無限、理由或條件無限」的不良現象。Civil adjudication supervision procedure is an important part of china ' s trial system. studying and probing the connotation, function and jurisprudence basis of the system is beneficial to objectively recognize, evaluate and upgrade china ' s current judicial system. moreover, it is also beneficial to the research and development of china ' s system of action
民事審判監督程序是我國審判制度的重要的組成部分，研究和探討該制度的涵義、功能和法理基礎等，有利於客觀認識、評價和完善我國當前的司法體制，有利於我國訴訟體制的研究和發展。In civil lawsuit, the setting of the criteria of civil lawsuit should be of dialectical unification of subjectivity and objectivity 、 justness and efficiency 、 commonness and individuality. in the subjective sense, we should judge their credibility, adherent to, no suspicion of intime conviction principally and suspicion of intime conviction subsidiarily in psychology ; to proof beyond a reasonable doubt in logic 、 to highly probability and preponderance of probability. in the objective sense, we should employ subjective facts as ratifying criterion
具體到民事訴訟中，證明標準設置應以主觀與客觀的辯證統一、公正與效率的辯證統一、共性與個性的辯證統一為原則，在主觀方面，堅持心理學上以內心確信無疑為主體、內心確信有疑為補充，邏輯學上依次以排除一切合理懷疑、高度蓋然性、優勢蓋然性為標準進行裁斷；在客觀方面，以「客觀真實」為衡量標準。The third chapter mainly focuses on the civil indemnity liability originating from the securities manipulation. to begin with, the first part ascertains that such kind of torts generally trepasses on the object of so - called " pure economic interest ' mn next part, it demonstrates in detail the requisites with which would incur a civil damage liability. regarding the fault ( including both intention and negligence ), it put forward a viewpoint that we should impose the civil liability upon manipulations of chinese securities market on the basis of constructive fault principle. about the question of iniuria ( wrong ), the author studies two aspects, one is assumption of risk, the other is the model of determining iniuria and solutions proposed
其中第一節首先明確了操縱市場這種侵權行為的客體即所謂「純粹財產上利益」 。第二節具體闡明了操縱市場行為民事賠償責任的構成要件。在過錯部分提出要以推定過失責任原則為基礎追究我國證券市場操縱行為的民事責任，違法部分研究了自甘冒險行為和違法認定模式及對策兩個問題，其中違法認定模式是一個創新，對改變我國目前證券市場民事索賠必須先由證監會認定違法的機制給予了批判。According to studying the necessity of contract fraud crime, the " contract " which is used to defraud the opposite party, the concept and feature of contract fraud crime, the criminal component of contract fraud crime, the difference between contract fraud crime and civil fraudulent acting contract fraud crime and fraud crime contract fraud crime and loan fraud crime, and punishment of contract fraud crime, the article holds the opinion : as a new crime, the subjective element of contract fraud crime shall be for the purpose of illegal possession and the object of the crime is complicate object. the violated objects should include the property and illegal interest of the opposite party
本文通過對新刑法設立合同詐騙罪之必要，合同詐騙罪之「合同」 ，合同詐騙罪之概念、特點，合同詐騙罪之犯罪構成，合同詐騙與民事欺詐、詐騙罪、貸款詐騙罪的界限以及對合同詐騙罪的處罰等問題的探討，認為合同詐騙罪作為新刑法增設的罪名，主觀方面應當要求「以非法佔有為目的」 ，合同詐騙罪侵犯的是復雜客體，侵犯的對象的范圍應擴大到「對方當事人財物及財產上的不法利益」 。Since it has characteristics such as intangibility, prescription and regional definition, which real right and other civil rights do n ' t have, the possibilities and actual chances of invasions of copyrighter ' s exclusive utility are much more frequent and universal than that of the latter
由於其客體無形、具有地域性、受法定時間限制之類物權等民事權利不具有的特點，權利人的專有權范圍被他人無意及無過失闖入的可能性與實際機會，比物權等權利多得多、普遍得多。Therefore by using comparative analysis, this paper distinguishes the real right of natural resources from the real right on right nature, right object, right content and limited settlement, holding that the real right of natural resources is a kind of social rights and differs from the real right which has civil attribute
為此，運用比較分析的方法，嚴格區分了自然資源物權與民事物權的權利性質、權利客體、權利內容與權利的處分限制，認為自然資源物權是社會權，而不同於民事物權的私權屬性。As we know, civil trial power is a very important part of the trial power system in a country, at the time of " administrating the country by operation of law " and constructing the socialist market economy, it can be said that whether the civil trial power can be exercised legally, independently, impartially and appropriately or not will have to do with directly the realization of the administration of law and the construction of the socialist market economy
我們知道，民事審判權是一國審判權體系中極其重要的組成部分，在「依法治國」及建立社會主義市場經濟的今天，可以說民事審判權的是否依法、獨立、公正與適當行使將直接關涉到法治的能否實現及市場經濟的能否建立。但圃于歷史的、傳統的及其他方面主、客觀因素的制約與影響，以往我國對於民事審判權的行使效果並不盡如人意。With the primary purpose of satisfying self ? ? minds or material demands and possibly promoting the achievement of self ? and ? group ’ s goals by participating, participation in state affairs means political members intervening in governmental affairs directly or indirectly. farmers participating in state affairs in the contemporary era is active and its object is villagers ’ autonomy mostly, attaching importance to the efficacy of participation, contrary to the participation in the days of people ’ s community, when farmers participating in state affairs is passive and with simple political ? enthusiasm
政治參與是指政治成員以各種方法直接、間接介入政治事務，其主要目的乃是經由政治參與或滿足自我心理、物質需求，或嘗試影響政府決策以促成自我或團體目標的達成。當代農民的政治參與，從人民公社時期的樸素政治熱情型向較為注重參與功效的理智型轉換，由被動參與轉向主動參與，其政治參與的客體主要是村治。It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason
論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。Through analysing the basic theories and reasons, gathering and reviewing the related law and regulations, discussing the disputed problem of the liability for tort, the author of this thesis reach conclusions as follows : it is the origin of law that embodies the professional responsibility of cpa in view of the legal liability of auditing. as far as the civil liability for tort of cpa ` s negligent act to practice is concerned, the subject of liability relates directly to the organization form of the accounting firms. whether liability for breach of contract or for tort that cpa should be taken against customers depends on the reason of sue which the customers choice
在界定與注冊會計師執業過失行為相關的民事侵權責任時，責任主體與會計師事務所組織形式有直接關系;責任主體對客戶的責任:若以違約訴之則應承擔違約責任，若以侵權訴之則應承擔侵權責任;選擇已知第三人原則作為確定第三人范圍的標準;主張以過錯推定原則作為注冊會計師執業過失行為民事侵權責任的歸責原則;確定構成要件時，應當將違法行為包含在過錯要件之中，即構成要件包括:損害事實、行為與損害事實之間的因果關系、行為人的過錯。The constituting conditions include : object condition ( mainly applied to chattels, thing possessed under entrust ) ; subject condition ( the transferor is a person having entire ability of civil action and he is the legal person possessing the object ; the transferee cannot be a person with naught ability of civil action ) ; impersonality condition ( the transferor makes a transfer having no right, the transferee gets the practical possess of the property through a valid and costly trade ) ; subjective condition ( the transferee is in good faith )
善意取得制度的構成要件包括：客體要件? ?標的物主要是動產（佔有委託物） ；主體要件? ?讓與人為完全民事行為能力人、並且是標的物的合法佔有人，受讓人不能是無民事行為能力人；客觀要件? ?讓與人為無權處分、受讓人通過有效之有償交易行為而取得財產的現實佔有；主觀要件? ?受讓人善意受讓財產的交付。People may have witnessed the pages and pages of elaboration on this issue in various publications. however, it may be safe to say that the civil liabilities arising from the manipulation of securities market remain a forbidden domain on which no academic has made a full and profound research. the author feels obliged to shoulder this commitment and thus set the theoretical exploration of civil liabilities of manipulators as the gist of the thesis
本文試圖從操縱行為最原初的意義出發，探究操縱證券市場行為的定義、操縱行為主體、行為者物質條件、損害客體等問題，並在此基礎上展開其民事責任方方面面問題的研究，力圖構建以侵權行為法為框架的操縱證券市場行為的民事責任理論體系。分享友人