法律上的推定 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [fǎlǜshàngdetuīdìng]
法律上的推定 英文
praesumptio juris
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 律 : Ⅰ名1 （法律; 規則） law; rule; statute; regulation 2 （律詩的簡稱） short for lüshi 3 （姓氏） a ...
  • 上 : 上名詞[語言學] （指上聲） falling-rising tone
  • 的 : 4次方是 The fourth power of 2 is direction
  • 推 : 動詞1 （向外用力使物體移動） push; shove 2 （磨或碾） turn a mill or grindstone; grind 3 （剪或削...
  • 定 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （平靜; 穩定） calm; stable 2 （已經確定的; 不改變的） fixed; settled; established Ⅱ動詞...
  • 法律 : law; statute法律保護 legal protection; 法律程序 legal procedure; 法律承認 de jure recognition （...
  • 推定 : calculation
  1. In the third section, the asymptotic equipartition property ( aep ) of second order markov chain field on a class of tree is studied by using the analytic approach. a net is constructed on a product space, then some strong laws of large numbers of second order markov chain field are proved by using the differentiation of measure on a net. furthermore, shannon - mcmillan theorem is extended to the case of second order markov chain field

    本文的第三章是用分析的方法研究一類樹上的二重馬氏鏈場的漸進均分割性，為此先構造了一個乘積空間上的網，然後利用網微分法證明了一些二重馬氏鏈場上的大數定律，並將shannon - mcmillan定理推廣到二重馬氏鏈場上。
  2. As long as such accidents do not occur because of mistakes on the part of sic, under conditions not against the law, ticket holders shall waive damage claims, demands or law suits against sic, china auto sports association, fia, foa, fom, sponsors of f1 world championship, the 2004 china grand prix, other companies designated by sic and organizers, operators and promoters

    只要該等事故非上海國際賽車場有限公司過錯造成，並且在不違背法律的前提下，持票觀眾同意放棄或免除對上海國際賽車場有限公司、中國汽車運動聯合會、國際汽車運動聯合會（ fia ） 、一級方程式賽車行政管理有限公司（ foa ） 、一級方程式賽車管理公司（ fom ） 、 f1世界錦標賽2004年中國大獎賽賽事贊助商、其他上海國際賽車場有限公司指定的公司以及所有參與組織，運作，推廣賽事的人員因事故所發生的損失、損害等提出任何請求或訴訟。
  3. Environmental tort law in japan has originated in liability without negligence in public nuisance, today, liability without negligence and presumption of causation have become common legislation systems in environmental tort law all over the world, compensation and get rid of infringe are the major remedies in civil legal systems

    各國環境侵權法律制度中，無過失責任原則和因果關系推定規則已成為通制。在民事救濟上，主要是賠償損失和排除侵害，其中，在排除侵害的適用上，各國都帶有濃厚的利益權衡色彩。
  4. Shenlaw is very proud to announce that, after a long - time appellate battle with jing kelly ' s opponents over both substantive issues on child custody and procedural matters, a big victory has finally fell upon the loving mother : on november 17, 2005, the appellate division for the 1st department unanimously reversed the nyc family court ' s orders that granted permanent custody of jing ' s son to his paternal aunt and otherwise denied jing ' s association with her son

    申教授律師行非常自豪地向世人公告，我行所代理的「熊晶上訴案」經過同我們的對手在實體法和程序上就孩子監護問題進行了長時間的法律較量后，慈愛的母親終于取得了決定性的勝利：今天（ 2005年11月17日） ，紐約第一司法區上訴庭一致推翻了紐約家事法院關于將熊晶的愛子的永久監護權判歸其姑姑、並剝奪熊晶同其兒子建立聯系等權利的原審判決。
  5. There are some useful experiences for taking - off of chinese market in the history of the global main markets : it ' s the specific cause of development that determines the transplanting mode of securitization system of a specific country ; there would be little successful markets without effective push from local governments ; banks are always main participants in the markets and play an important role in the development of a market ; civil - law countries should make necessary reform to their current legal systems to sustain development of their markets

    考察從美國到全球的主要證券化市場發展歷史，可以得到以下足為我國證券化市場與制度建設之鏡鑒的經驗與教訓：發展動因上的區別影響引入證券化制度的模式和路徑；大多數證券化市場的成功起飛離不開政府積極有效的推動；銀行作為證券化市場的主力參與者，決定著一個證券化市場發展的道路與程度；民法法系國家應立足於自己的法律文化和制度體系，改革固有的法律制度以為證券化市場提供製度支持。
  6. The constructive fault and limited liability principle about the civil liability of asset accreditation agency are restated in law of corporation, which is revised in 2005, but there are many problems that must be researched thoroughly

    2005年修訂的《公司法》從法律上明確了驗資機構民事責任的推定過錯原則和有限責任原則，然而有許多問題還需要進一步澄清。
  7. If parties to a contract do not expressly or impliedly choose the applicable law, the proper law for the contract should be constructed through the rule of closest connection. this paper states the proper law for various kinds of contracts of carriage of goods by sea based on the rule of closest connection

    但上述所講的是通常情況下的法律選擇原則，如果從整體情況看，運輸合同與另一個國家的關系更為密切，則前面所確定的一般推定準據法不予適用，而應適用與合同有更密切聯系的國家的法律。
  8. Though technically confined to practicing non - chinese law in a cross - border setting, many foreign law firms, generally at the behest of foreign corporations operating in china, have pushed into the frontiers of the practice restrictions

    雖然，理論上可以界定不包括中國法律事務的國際業務，但是，在華經營的外國律所已經推進到執業限制的前沿。
  9. Concerning the fundamental content of public summons, the author firstly shows us its concept, and then searches some systems in roman law and germanic law which do not belong to the system of public summons but contain the function of public summons. after that, the author elaborates the option of the law to the means of public summons, and points out that registration is the means of public summons for real property and that of personal is possession. furthermore, the author gives us the four characters of means of public summons and the four kinds of legal validity of public summons

    關于公示的基本內容，筆者首先交待了公示的概念；然後到羅馬法和日耳曼法上尋找具有公示機能而不是公示制度的一些內容；接著論述了法律對公示方法的選擇；揭示出了不動產物權的公示方法為登記，動產物權示方法為佔有；緊接著論述了公示方法應當具有的四個特點：公開性、準確性、法定性、統一性；最後簡單介紹了公示的法律效力：形成力、對抗力、推定力、公信力。
  10. In the third part, the writer firstly is in an attempt to analyze rules of burden of proof in the importantly international conventions, namely hague rules, hague - visby rules and hamburg rules. by paying a close scrutiny on judicial precedents in different countries, the different approaches on the burden of proof in these conventions have been further stressed. under the international criticisms towards these approaches, the united states has drafted its carriage of goods by

    另一方面，在各國對規則要求進行修改的呼聲中，美國已推出了1999年海上貨物運輸法草案，美國作為世界上經濟一大強國，這部法律的出臺肯定會對我國海商領域產生重大的影響，在該草案中在舉證責任方面做了許多有別于現有國際公約的規定，因此在本論文中對美國99cogsa的相關規定也做了具體評析。
  11. Based on the content of part 1, the author of this paper respectively deals with it from three aspects : ( 1 ) the aim and choice of this field is to balance the profits between society and individual, not only to encourage inventer " s creation but also to make the level of social science advance ; ( 2 ) criminal law starts only when laws except for criminal law have lost function to wrong conducts on intellectual property rights ; ( 3 ) the legislator shall pay close attention to the question weather the departments of justice execute the criminal law on the crimes of intellectual property rights

    該部分主要是沿著第一部分的邏輯推演，在認定刑法應該介入的前提下，在理論上追問刑法介入的深度和廣度。分別做了三方面的探討：一是價值目標限制，即個人利益與社會利益的衡平、鼓勵創新與科技進步的衡平；二是法律性質限制，即後盾法的刑法應是最後制裁法；三是刑法介入的縱向程度限制，即適度觀念下的注重實證效果。
  12. In part two, the author discusses mr. deng ' s legal ideas in the course of reform in economic and political system. it also covers some new elements elicited from the practice of legal construction, such as the idea of " concentrating on economic construction on the one hand, and concentration on legal construction on the other " ; the request that conduct of the party and its leaders should be bounded by constitution and laws. furthermore, the author emphasizes the inherent link between the forming of these legal ideas and the political and economic practice of that time

    文章認為，從文革結束到20世紀90年代初這一歷史時期內，小平法律思想經歷的是一個從法制思想發展運動到法治思想的過程，現代法治理念的基本特徵在這一思想中基本上都已得到體現；而在這一偉大的變遷過程中，這一時期的經濟和政治體制改革充當的不僅僅是時代背景和活動舞臺的角色，更是推動這一變遷的決定力量，尤其是商品經濟在中國的發展更是使得法治意識在小平法律思想中生根發芽並最終確立了無可替代的地位。
  13. This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in china wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following : first, under the condition that there is a distance of time between inj ury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation ; the second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries ; the third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation

    本文重點探討的就是公民生命權受到侵害、健康權受到侵害、 「死者人格」受到侵害這三種情形下的受害人近親屬的精神損害賠償請求權問題。探討以介紹和比較國外相關法律規定和學術理論為前提，結合我國的實際情況，從理論與實踐相結合的角度對以上各問題分別進行了分析，並提出了作者自己的一些見解：第一、在公民從受傷害到死亡有一段時間距離的情形下，死者的近親屬除依法享有其固有的精神損害賠償請求權以外，還可以繼承死者生前就其所受之精神損害而享有的精神損害賠償請求權；第二、在加害人的行為已造成直接受害人殘疾，或者是造成其健康嚴重受損的其他後果的情形下，我國應在借鑒國外已有立法和判例的基礎上，賦予一定范圍內的受害人近親屬以精神損害賠償請求權；第三、法律保護死者人格不受侵害的目的是為了保護死者近親屬的利益和維護公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近親屬能證明其訴訟主體的合法性，能夠證實侵害「死者人格」的行為已構成侵權，即可推定死者近親屬因此而遭受了精神痛苦? ?無須舉證的「名義上的精神損害」 ，死者近親屬即可提起精神損害賠償之訴。最後，本文認為，加強對受害人近親屬的權利和利益保護問題的研究，既有一定的必要性，同時又具有十分重要的現實意義。
  14. It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

    論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。
  15. 4. according to the property right - formalism and the obligation right - formalism about the property right ' s change of the real property, registration is the condition makes the property right ' s change effective. but according to the representative form, registration is the important condition that dose not make the property right ' s change effective but against the third party

    且在不動產登記簿上記載的有關不動產物權狀態，應推定為正確；即使存在權利瑕疵，但對于善意第三人而言，都應推定登記為正確，第三人基於登記記載而取得的不動產物權，受法律的保護，這就是權利正確性推定效力和善意保護效力。
  16. The measures before the commissioners are central to the eu being able to move forward with its own ratification of the treaty. intended to be decided on as a package, the measures concern a climate action plan to guide the commission s work in developing anti - global warming policies over the coming year, a legal instrument for the eu and its member states to ratify the kyoto protocol simultaneously and a draft directive on emissions trading

    呈交委員會的措施對推動歐盟認可條約有至為重要的影響，委員會原定通過的整套措施，包括一項氣候行動計劃，用以指引委員會在未來數年發展控制全球氣溫上升政策：一套為歐盟及其會員國制定法律，讓各國能同步認可京都氣候協議，以及有關排放量交易配額的指令。
  17. This text is main from the right independent directors and the companies of appearing on the market of three aspects to manage the construction to proceed the treatise : the first part, introduced the law meaning, the job and function, the history background and development trend of the independent directors ; part of the second, ami at the preparation of the theories and policy of independent directors system in the current our country, it was analyzed to the practice and problem of the companies of appearing on the market and expounded the important function of independent directors to perfect company manage construction ; part of the third, point out the problem of a few keys of developments of independent directors system which current influence the companies of appearing on the market in our country, bring up some speculation to perfect the independent directors of the companies of appearing on the market in our country, try hard to regulate the independent directors system from law, policy, system. . etc.,

    同時，分析獨立董事發揮作用的特定環境與條件，逐步完善有關的政策法規，解決影響我國上市公司獨立董事發揮作用的幾個關鍵問題，加快相關法制、政策與制度建設是推行上市公司獨立董事建設的當務之急。本文主要從三個方面對獨立董事與上市公司治理結構進行論述：第一部分，介紹了獨立董事的法律含義、獨立董事的職責與作用、產生的歷史背景與發展趨勢；第二部分，針對目前我國獨立董事制度建設的理論與政策準備，分析了上市公司獨立董事的實踐與存在的問題、闡述了獨立董事對完善公司治理結構的重要作用；第三部分，重點就目前影響我國上市公司獨立董事制度建設的幾個關鍵問題，提出了完善我國上市公司獨立董事制度的若干構想，力求從法律、政策、制度等方面規范獨立董事制度，促進我國上市公司治理結構的完善。
  18. But this is on the assumption that the community will accept the bad money and not demand the good money as a medium of exchange

    當然，以上的推論是建基於大眾會接受劣幣例如是通過法律規定，不會硬要以良幣作為交易媒介的假設。
  19. It include : ( 1 ) publishing and history meaning of morill act. lt offered the legal foundation to social service function of american high school, made preparation of theory and lay the solid practical foundation ; ( 2 ) the foundation of cornell university. cornell university developed the spirits of morill act and lay the foundation for wisconsin idea ; ( 3 ) the establishing and effect of wisconsin idea

    《莫雷爾法案》的頒布和實施，推動了贈地學院的蓬勃發展，為美國高等學校社會服務職能的產生奠定了法律基礎，作了理論上的準備，鋪就了堅實的實踐基礎。 （ 2 ）康乃爾大學的創辦及其影響。
  20. The decision of the registrar may be challenged by way of judicial review to the high court if there is an error of law

    如果司法常務官的決定出現法律上的錯誤，閣下可以向高等法院申請司法覆核，以嘗試推翻有關決定。
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