配給制度 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [pèigěizhìdù]
配給制度 英文
rationing system
  • 配 : Ⅰ動詞1 （兩性結合） join in marriage 2 （使動物交配） mate （animals） 3 （按適當的標準或比例加以...
  • 給 : 給Ⅰ動詞1 （送對方某物; 使對方得到） give; grant 2 （用在動詞后 表示交與 付出） pass; pay 3 （叫; ...
  • 制 : Ⅰ動詞1 （製造） make; manufacture 2 （擬訂; 規定） draw up; establish 3 （用強力約束; 限定; 管束...
  • 度 : 度動詞[書面語] （推測; 估計） surmise; estimate
  • 配給 : ration; allotment; allocate
  1. This article is composed by four parts. the foreword introduces simply the process of from establishment to development and contabescence of shanxi bank and the operating and running status. then bring forward the theme of this article that the organizational and managing system was the determinant factors of the prosperity and decline of shanxi bank and its experiences and lessons lend a helping hand to the enterprises of our time. the first part mainly tells of the organizational system and managing mode which drove the development and prosperity of shanxi bank, i t was consisted of the organizing system of the ownership departing from the power of management, and the capital frame of composing by the yin - share and manpower - share, and the human resources management system including high - level various and with elasticity distributing system and strict managing system, and the rigorous mamaging system and flexible running frame, and the enterprise culture of combining tigtly with the ru culture

    組織制度方面，主要通過對票號所有權與經營權相分離的組織制度的研究，總結其對票號發展所起到的重要作用；資本構成方面，主要對票號銀股、身股並重的資本構成，特別是票號實行的頂身股制度進行研究，總結其對員工所形成的有效激勵作用；用人體制方面，主要從激勵和約束兩個方面分別進行研究，一方面是票號分配體制的高水平、多樣化、富於彈性，對票號員工形成了有效的激勵作用，另一方面是嚴格的人員選拔、培養、任用以及監督、獎罰等管理制度，對票號員工形成了有效的約束作用；管理制度和經營體制方面，主要通過對票號各類號規進行分類研究，分別從管理制度和經營體制兩類內容來著手，總結票號管理制度的健全和經營體制的靈活對票號業務發展所起到的重要作用；企業文化理念方面，分別從員工教育和儒商融會兩方面進行研究，總結票號對員工道德教育的重視給票號帶來的良好企業風尚以及儒商融會理念使票號在經營方面更加成熟穩健、注重企業長遠利益。
  2. Institution must follow the law of the development of hi - tech industry, relying on the founding of market system, making full use of the results of technological innovation. development of hi - tech industry in china should have an institution innovation frame, dominated by the government, that is to say, as the government being the dominator, enterprise being the main body, market being the guidance, with the combination of innovation of supply guidance and demand inducement, formal and informal institution arrangements, as well as the combination of institution and technology innovation, to realize the rational division of technological resources, to promote the development of hi - tech industry

    制度創新必須遵循高新技術產業發展的規律，必須依賴市場機制的建立，必須充分利用技術創新的成果；我國高新技術產業發展應建立政府主導型的制度創新框架，即以政府為主導，以企業為主體，以市場為導向，供西北大學經管學院搏士學位論文給主導型創新和需求誘致型創新相結合，正式制度安排與非正式制度安排相結合，制度創新與技術創新相結合，實現科技資源的優化配置，推動高新技術產業發展。
  3. ( 2 ) after the establishment of the goal of socialist marketable economic system, market mechanism has began to play leading or important role in lots of economic fields, meanwhile the prices of most commodities become unloosed and modern enterprise system gets established. the reform of marketing not only brings energy into our economy, ameliorates allocation status of production - element and impro ves economic efficiency, but also changes the phenomenon of isomorphism of regional industry " to some extent

    （ 2 ）社會主義市場經濟體制目標確立后，隨著我國絕大多數商品的價格逐步放開，現代企業制度逐步確立，市場機制開始在多數經濟領域起著主導或者重要作用，市場化改革在給經濟注入活力、改善要素配置狀況和提高經濟效率的同時，也會使我國區域間的產業同構現象發生一定程度的變化。
  4. " in no way has gay marriage lent legitimacy to polygamy

    「無論從哪個角度來講，同性婚姻都不會給多配偶制帶來合法性。
  5. It takes agency theory as its premise, human resource property right as its core, and modern distribution theory and risk theory as its foundation. its basic idea is to give high - level managers headed by chief executive officer the right to purchase common stocks of the company at a certain price and time in the future. through this equity system, it ' s expected to inspirit organizations " management in the long run, avoid operators " short - term behavior, and thus reduce agency cost, improve organizations " management structure, and promote the stability of management, so that both constituents ( stake holders ) and vicegerents " ( operators ) targets of gaining profit will be realized finally

    其本質是對經營者的一種薪酬安排；它以代理理論為前提，以人力資本產權理論為核心，以現代分配理論和風險理論為基礎；其基本內容是給予公司內以首席執行官為首的高級管理人員在未來某特定的時間按某一固定價格購買本公司普通股的權力；通過這種機制希望對公司管理層起到長期激勵的作用，避免經營者的短期行為，從而減少代理成本，改善企業的治理結構，促進穩健經營，最終實現委託者（股東）和受託者（經營者）雙贏的目的；它是把期權理論應用於現代激勵機制的一種制度創新，比較符合市場經濟條件下企業經營者的價值取向和企業發展的戰略要求。
  6. In this article, firstly the background of the textile trade conflicts within sino - us or sino - euro are introduced, thus learn that how to discern and dodge the foreign trade risks, how to choose the appropriate investment projects have already become one of the most important questions for exporting companies on foreign trade affairs well - known as high investment and high risk. so the main text makes a risk analysis qualitatively and quantitatively on a textile - exporting trading company from three angles of statistic 、 game theory and portfolio theory, which is the main content that we studied. firstly, the statistic article adopts data of the transaction closing price of the textile clothing index in shenzhen stock exchange at the end of each quarter as well as several other kinds of data reflecting the macro - economic changes, performs an empirical analysis of these data according to the theory of co - integration test 、 granger cause test and impulse response function of time series in economitric, and learn that the impact to ti is more obvious by the economic index reflecting local commodity price level and economic prosperity degree home and abroad, as well as the impact degree and the time lag degree, and knows the macro - economic risks faced by textile business enterprises ; after that by the game theory angle we analyze exactly the managing risks faced by one textile export corporation named beauty. from the game expansion chart the system arrangement between censor ways by exportation goal countries and exporting strategies by the exporting enterprises has been analyzed. involving the benefit assignment between them both the limited rounds and infinite rounds negotiations of cooperation games have been studied, and then country responsibility and the enterprise managing risks on foreign trade affairs and so on have been analyzed exactly ; in order to realize the investment multiplication in the certain degree to disperse the risk, the

    本文首先介紹了中美、中歐紡織品貿易爭端的來龍去脈，由此可知在涉外貿易這種以高投入、高風險著稱的行業里，如何甄別和規避外貿風險、如何選擇合適的投資項目已經成為外貿企業的首要問題。因此，正文分別從統計學、博弈論和投資組合三種角度對涉外紡織品貿易公司風險進行了定性和定量的分析，這也是本文的主要研究內容。首先，統計學篇選取了深圳證券交易所行業分類指數?紡織服裝指數（ ti ）每一季度末的交易收盤價和若干種反映宏觀經濟變化的指標，利用計量經濟學中時間序列的協整檢驗、 granger因果檢驗和脈沖反應函數等理論做實證分析，從而得知反映國內物價水平和國內外經濟景氣程度的經濟指標對紡織板塊上市值的沖擊比較明顯，且可知沖擊程度和時滯度，進而分析出涉外紡織企業所面臨的宏觀經濟風險;接著，從博弈論的角度具體分析一家紡織品出口公司（ beauty ）的外貿活動所面臨的各種經營風險，該篇從博弈擴展圖入手，分析了出口目的國審查方式與本企業出口策略之間的制度安排;並圍繞雙方的利益分配，研究了有限回合和無限回合合作談判博弈，然後具體論述了國家責任和企業涉外經營風險等問題;在一定程度上為了實現投資多元化來分散風險的目的，投資組合篇從經典的markowitz模型著手，在一些特定條件的限制下，給出了一個相應的投資組合模型。
  7. The system of compensation for damage in divorce is a new emendation for divorce that is established by the current revised marriage law in china. divorce due to the domestic violence, bigamy, cohabitate outside marriage, maltreat and abandon family members will lead to economy and spirit damage to the aggrieved party. in fact, the physical and mental injury of the aggrieved party exceed the property loss that can be accounted

    離婚損害賠償制度是婚姻法修訂時新增設的離婚救濟制度，因家庭暴力、重婚、同居、虐待和遺棄而導致的離婚會給受害方配偶帶來財產及精神上的損害，但是實際生活中，當事人因上述行為而遭受的身心痛苦遠遠超過了可以計算的財物損失。
  8. As far as china is concerned, it is now experiencing the transition from the planning economy to a socialist market economy. china ' s institutional disequilibrium in this time period has its own characteristics in extents, forms, effects and causes. in china, the high political and ideological cost of institutional innovation is one of the most important causes of institutional disequilibrium

    中國從計劃經濟體制向市場經濟體制轉軌的這一過渡時期的制度非均衡具有以下幾個特點：制度非均衡普遍存在、制度供給過剩嚴重、制度創新的政治和意識形態成本高、收入分配效應大、非正式制度與正式制度沖突大等。
  9. Put forward my proposal about the reformation of the taxation system, as well as the complementary measures, it is the surface that farmers " burden is caused by the primary government who charge farmers excessively, the deep reason is the unbalance developing strategy for national ecnomic and the difference between the city and the rural earea. link theory with the prctising program interal and external, i put forward my proposal to abolish agricultural tax, practice the same taxation, set up land rent system

    過分地掘取農業剩餘的同時，還實行重城輕鄉的公共產品分配政策，造成農村財政呈「缺血」狀態，不得已實行「三提五統」收費制來解決農村公共產品的提供問題，制定製度出發點的錯誤以及制度本身的不完善，造成「三亂」久治不愈；其次，由於行政管理體制改革滯后，機構臃腫，冗員過多；再加上農民反負成本高，反負意識差和農村制度供給的路徑依賴性，造成農民負擔越發沉重，並成為中國許多問題的根源。
  10. Despite rationing, they always had plenty of meat because rudoph's father was friendly with the butcher, mr. haas, who didn't ask for ration tickets because he was german, too.

    盡管有配給制度，他們仍舊經常有很多肉吃，因為魯道夫的父親和賣肉的很有交情。哈斯先生也是德國人，所以常常不要肉票。
  11. The model of this paper explores the links between the following factors and the credit rationing in china. the change of banks " attitude to credit risk may lead to credit rationing ; banks give much more emphasis on the trade cost and the payable value of collateral, which may give rise to credit rationing ; the decreasing of asset price during economic stagnation produces credit rationing ; the bias of banks " objective function from the maximization of profit and the transformation of the function relating to the reform of the financial system cause credit rationing ; if different parts of the whole markets are not integrated, the credit in the part with low capital return ratio will be rationed. during economic recession, banks tend to ration the credit in the high - risk market ; the removing of interest ceiling will narrow down the interest spread of deposit and credit at least during a period, which may strengthen credit rationing ; meanwhile, the vulnerable borrowers, including small and middle - sized enterprises, will get more credit from banks even though they have to pay a higher interest rate

    論文的模型探討了下列因素和中國信貸配給現象之間的聯系：商業銀行對信貸風險的態度變化，在辨別和控制信貸風險上開始投入大量的成本，這一過程會導致信貸配給；商業銀行對與法治環境相關的交易成本和抵押品清償價值的日漸關注會導致信貸配給；宏觀經濟緊縮時期資產價格下降會導致信貸配給；商業銀行經營目標函數偏離利潤最大化，近幾年金融業改革過程使商業銀行目標函數發生變化，這一變化過程可能導致信貸配給；在市場分化的條件下，收益水平低的市場會遭受信貸配給；在經濟下滑時期，商業銀行尤其會對高風險市場配給信貸；利率市場化使商業銀行的存貸利差至少在一段時間內縮窄，利差縮窄可能加重信貸配給的程度：在利率市場化條件下，弱勢借款者，包括中小企業，遭受信貸配給的程度可能得到緩解，但支付的貸款利率水平將會升高。
  12. Once rationing is introduced these will be used to measure a monthly allowance of subsidised fuel and to charge more for excess consumption

    一旦汽油配給制度實施，它將用來測量記錄單月額定汽油消費量，並對額外的量高價收費。
  13. Some politicians even tried to dismiss the idea of public rationing altogether, saying that last month ' s tiny increase in the price of a litre of petrol ( by $ 0. 02 ) and that smart cards monitoring national consumption will solve the problem without rationing

    一些政客甚至試圖完全廢止公共配給制度，聲稱上個月每升汽油價格小幅上揚了（ 2美分） ，如果沒有配給制度，智能卡的國家消費監測系統會解決這個問題。
  14. 3. feasibility analysis of mbs the paper introduces and explains the theory of mbs and analysis the feasibility of mbs in china from many aspects, such as system, laws, financial environment, the situation of housing markets, macroeconomic effect, etc. the reform of land - using system provides mbs system pre - requisite ; the interrelated laws offer the law guarantee for mbs ; the issue of " security act " indicates that the security market of china is being normalized, and the developing prospect of finance in china brings mbs effective support ; the dilemma between the surplus and the shortage of commercial housing gives mbs an important turning point ; the macroeconomic effect of mbs is that it accelerates the economy, reduces the pressure of currency inflation, dissolves the operating risks of finance organs and makes the finance system operate steadily

    三、我國住房抵押證券化的可行性分析本文從住房抵押貨款證券化（ mbs ）的理論分析入手，結合我國住房抵押貸款的發展狀況，分別從制度、法律保障、金融環境、住房市場現狀、宏觀經濟效應等幾方面論述了mbs在我國的可行性：土地使用制度改革為實施mbs提供了制度前提；配套法律制度為實施mbs提供了法律保障； 《證券法》的正式出臺，標志著我國證券市場走向規范，我國良好的金融業發展前景為mbs提供了有效的支持；現階段住房市場的有效供給與有效需求雙重約束的矛盾存在，為證券化實施提供了重要契機； mbs的宏觀經濟效應在於拉動國內需求，促進經濟增長，減輕通貨膨脹壓力，化解金融機構經營風險，保持金融體系穩定運行。
  15. An english system of land tenure from anglo - saxon times to1926 that provided for the equal division of land among all qualified heirs

    財產保有權一種英國的土地保有制度，始於盎格魯撒克遜時期，廢於1926年，即把其土地平均分配給有資格的繼承人
  16. To promote coordinated development of urban and rural economy, we have to establish a consolidated urban and rural public financial system, including the integration of urban and rural specific financial allocation system, the consolidated rural - urban public product - system and consolidated a system

    促進城鄉經濟的協調發展必須建立城鄉統一的公共財政制度，包括城鄉一體化的財政分配製度、城鄉統一的公共產品供給制度以及城鄉統一的稅收制度。
  17. First, the article analysis those major problems in front of the national enterprise and cruxes in the erection of the modern enterprise system are based on the analysis of modern enterprise system ' s feature, basic content and objective source. it also provides lots of forms by which national enterprise establishes modern enterprise system and corresponding reformation measures

    首先，在分析現代企業制度的特徵、基本內容和產生的客觀必然性的基礎上，剖析了國有企業面臨的主要問題和建立現代企業制度的難點，給出了國有企業建立現代企業制度的方式和配套改革措施。
  18. Be taken off allocation

    取消配給制度
  19. The main conclusions are that : ( 1 ) the consumption of urban and rural households is sensitive to current income changing ; ( 2 ) the consumption of urban and rural households is sensitive to permanent income changing, and rural household ' s reaction is stronger than that of urban households ; ( 3 ) " the demonstrative effect " of rural households is stronger than that urban households ; ( 4 ) the consumption of urban and rural households is less sensitive to the interest rate changing ; ( 5 ) the consumption of urban and rur

    制度因素對農村居民消費的影響亦很大，本文著重從農村城鎮化與農村公共產品的供給制度兩方面進行了分析。定性分析表明農村城鎮化具有收入、消費、資源配置效應，定量分析則表明城鎮化的消費效應是顯著的，這表明加快農村城鎮化的發展對于增加農村居民的消費有著積極意義。農村公共產品供給不足，對消費帶來了許多負面效應，它不僅影響了農村居民收入的持續增長
  20. The paper regards that the system innovation for hexi region should involve following points : establishing water right system that can be traded in the market and using the market mechanism to improve validity allocation of water ; adjusting existing price system and make it not only reflect scarcity and cost of water, but also include its ecological value ; carrying out regional unification governing to make water resource fairly allocated by regions, to insure the ecological need of water and protect environment, to economize using of water. by the system innovation the multiple value of water in hexi region would be achieved

    本論文認為緩解河西地區水資源短缺和生態環境惡化的水資源配置制度創新內容主要包括以下幾個方面：建立和實行可交易水權制度，發揮市場對水資源的配置功能，提高水資源配置效率；採取涵蓋生態環境價值的水資源定價制度，使價格既能反映水資源的稀缺性和供給成本，又能反映水資源所具有的生態環境價值；實施流域統一管理制度，保證水資源在區域間的公平分配，確保最低限度的生態用水，以節水為核心，加強生態環境綜合治理和保護。
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