法定之債 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [fǎdìngzhīzhài]
法定之債
英文
legal obligation-
Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。For this reason, the research on this system has the legislative significance. this article preceded the discussion in three parts, the historical evolution of the replacement of obligation system, the institutive requirements of the system and the necessity of the existence of the system. finally, the author drew the conclusion which was not only china ’ s civil needs to succeed this system, but also it should absorb the elite of the elated institutions in systems
本文從債的更新制度的歷史變遷、債的更新制度的特徵以及債的更新制度的價值三個方面出發，對這一制度進行了較為系統的論述，闡述了筆者的粗淺觀點，希望我國即將出臺的民法典能夠吸收和借鑒大陸法系和英美法系之成果，對這一制度加以規定並完善之。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。As concerned as the external and internal validity of joint debts, the author contends payment, court ' sjudgement exemption of debt and so on should have absolute validity while debtor s postpone to fulfill his debt, the situation in which payor is unable to pay and so on should have relative validity
筆者認為成立連帶責任必須具備債的一方或雙方當事人為數人、債的標的須為同一、債務人之間須有連帶關系三個要件。其次論述了連帶之債的成因:法律行為和法律規定。The fourth section deals with the sequence of payment among different types of exemption rights. it is argued that different types of exemption rights, based on the security interest of the same quality, the earlier the registration or the effective date of contracts is, the earlier paid ; regarding the exemption rights of different quality, the preconsideration shall be satisfied before other security interests, with lien satisfied before hypothecation or mortgage ; where the lawfully registered hypothecation and mortgage coexist, the sequence of their establishment is the sequence of their payment ; where they are established at the same time, they shall be paid in proportion to the security credits respectively ; where unregistered hypothecation and mortgage coexist, the mortgagee shall be paid first
第四部分別除權之間的清償順序，文章認為，同一性質的擔保物權構成的別除權之間，原則上按登記或合同生效時間的先後確定清償順序；不同性質的別除權之間，優先權優先於其他擔保物權，留置權優先於抵押權和質權；法定登記的抵押權與質權並存，按照設定的先後順序受償，同時設定者，按照各自擔保的債權比例受償；未經登記的抵押權與質權並存，質權人優先受償。Second, the paper compare the law of several civil law country : in modern times, all country regulate one joint and several obligation, which have difference in regulations
其次對各國的相關立法例進行了比較:近現代各國都只規定了一種連帶之債，但在具體規定上有所差別。In order to protect the creditors " rights and improve the level of company credits, chinese law systems make use of legal capital to so fullest an extent that they " create many tops in the world "
為保護債權人利益，提升公司信用水平，我國相關法律制度將法定資本制發揮之至， 「創造了許多世界之最」 。Legal entity has one of following state, outside assuming responsibility except legal person, can give disciplinary sanction, fine to the legal representative, make crime, investigate criminal duty lawfully : 1, the scope of operations that exceeds approve of the mechanism that register to register is engaged in be being managed illegally ; 2, conceal true condition, practise fraud to the mechanism that register, tax authority ; 3, smoke escape capital, hide belongings to dodge the creditor ; 4, disband, be cancelled, by suspend payment hind, do sth without authorization handles property ; 5, change, when stopping, not seasonable application is dealt with register and announcement, make interests person suffers great losing ; 6, be engaged in legal illicit other activity, harm national interest or the society is communal of the interest
企業法人有下列情形之一的，除法人承擔責任外，對法定代表人可以給予行政處分、罰款，構成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責任： 1 、超出登記機關核準登記的經營范圍從事非法經營的； 2 、向登記機關、稅務機關隱瞞真實情況、弄虛作假的； 3 、抽逃資金、隱匿財產逃避債務的； 4 、解散、被撤消、被宣告破產后，擅自處理財產的； 5 、變更、終止時不及時申請辦理登記和公告，使利害關系人遭受重大損失的； 6 、從事法律禁止的其他活動，損害國家利益或者社會公共利益的。Article 13 after accepting the case of bankruptcy, the peoples court shall notify the debtor within 5 days since the date of the decision
第十三條人民法院受理破產案件后，應當自裁定之日起五日內通知債務人。To perform it, its legislative key points must be grasped in theory ; in practice the main purpose is to coordinate the conflicts between ensuring the equal rights of the creditors and fully encouraging the creditors " rights of subrogation. the debtors also have the conflicts between deciding the usage of their property on their own and limiting the creditors " disposing of their property
其成立，理論上要把握其法定的要件，實踐中掌握此問題要基於代位權的保全債權的基本目的，協調好確保債權人地位平等與充分鼓勵債權人行使代位權之間的矛盾；債務人有財產的自主權與限制債務人對其財產的處分權之間的矛盾。When guaranteed creditor ' s right is overdue, mortgagee can claim for the security by legal means to obtain its exchanged value and to accomplish their own creditor ' s right without need for mortgagor intervention, so the fundamental pursuit of mortgage is security ' s exchanged value and the nature of mortgage is right towards exchanged value. aspect 2
在被擔保的債權逾期未得到清償時，抵押權人有權通過法定程序，在不需要抵押人介入的情況下即可對抵押物行使權利，取得其交換價值，以實現自己的債權，因而，交換應當是抵押權的根本目的之所在，抵押權在本質上實為換價權。One kind of legal mandatory focuses on the financial rations, such as equity insolvency test, balance sheet test, liability / asset ratio, and cash flow test. another kind of legal mandatory focuses on the " stated capital " and fixed - ratio reserves fund. i pay much attention to the issue of " which part of the value can be distributed "
接近之處在於：採用法定資本的概念，法定了最低注冊資本，強制計提資本公積金和盈餘公積金，以維護公示資本，並在公示資本之外增加對債權的擔保，以及限制實繳出資的分配，限制減資分配和股票回購，傾向于把可分配的價值限定於利潤、限定於資本的增值部分。Staring with the concepts and properties of joint liability, the author of this paper attempts to conduct studies with great emphasis the causes and effects of the joint debts and the creditor ' s rights, lists the current stipulations of joint debts in all our separate decrees, analyses the relationship and differentiations between the joint debts and the untruly joint debts, and finally proposes a few suggestions based on the current legislative situations
本文從連帶之債的概念及性質著手，著重分析了連帶債務、連帶債權的發生原因及其效力，羅列了我國各個單項法律就連帶債務規定的現狀，並分析了連帶債務與不真正連帶債務的聯系、區別，最後針對立法現狀提出了幾點建議。Article 47 if the mortgaged property is seized by a people ' s court because of the debtor ' s failure to perform his obligation prior to the maturity of the debt, the mortgagee shall, from the date of seizure, be entitled to collect the natural fruits severed from the mortgaged property and the legal fruits which the mortgagor may collect from the mortgaged property
第四十七條債務履行期屆滿，債務人不履行債務致使抵押物被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起抵押權人有權收取由抵押物分離的天然孳息以及抵押人就抵押物可以收取的法定孳息。Because of the effect of the abstract, the holder can obtain his right as long as the form of the instruments meet the statuary requirements without the burden of convincing the legality of his acquisition of this instrument, therefore, if the debtor is to plead against the holder, the debtor should bear the burden of proof
由於票據無因性的效力所致，一般情況下，票據受讓人依法主張票據權利時，只要票據的形式具備法定要求便產生法律效力，而不負證明其取得票據的原因之義務，故若票據債務人要行使抗辯權以否定其票據權利，則需負舉證責任。Directors of dltp includes de jure directors, de facto directors and shadow directors and third parties is composed of shareholders, creditors and some special creditors, such as governmental tr. x agencies, social security departments and corporate employees. the legal nature of dltp is special liability and different from liabilities mder tort, accordingly directors have to face both the liabilities under civil law and the special liabilities under corporate law. a director is not liable to third parties except that his or her action is illegal ; he or she is guilty of wrongful intent or of gross negligence for the illegal action ; the action occurs in the course of performing his or her corporate suties ; and third parties are damaged by the action
作者指出，董事對第三人責任中的董事不僅指正式董事，而且還包括影子董事和事實董事;除了股東和一般債權人之外，第三人還包括二些特殊債權人，如稅務機關、社保機關以及雇員等;其責任性質為法定責任，但並不排除與民法侵權責任競合的可能;董事對第三人責任應包括以下要件: .董事之行為須違法、董事對其行為違法有故意或重大過失、董事之行為發生於執行職務過程中、第三人因董事之違法行為受損害;在舉證責任的分擔上應有董事證明其違法行為是否有故意或重大過失，實現這一制度的訴訟形式為第三人之訴;另外，在公司破產時應採取一些特殊措施，以保證公平受償。The joint liability stipulations in the decrees of all countries are aimed to ensure the interests of the creditors who are obliged to be paid back by affordable debtors
各國法律規定連帶之債，其立法精神就是確保債權人的利益，使其能向最具償付能力的債務人請求給付。At the same time we should use the valuable experience of other countries for reference, put the guarantee system under the obligatory right of future civil law code and form the more perfect new guarantee system finally
在修改和補充保證制度的規定時，我們應當一併借鑒國外立法的有益經驗，將保證制度歸位到未來民法典之債權篇當中去，並最終形成我國新的更為完善的保證制度。It compared discrepancies between relevant provisions of the roc law and international conventions, namely, the convention on liability for maritime claims 1976, the international convention relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of sea - going ships 1957 and the international convention for the unification of certain rules relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of sea - going vessels 1924
海商法對船舶所有人責任限制規定與1976年海事索賠責任限制公約、 1957年海船所有人責任限制國際公約及1924年海船所有人責任限制統一國際公約仍有相當程度的差異，此等差異亦為此次我國對移除希臘籍阿瑪斯輪殘骸及其船上貨物之債權的求償困難原因之一。As to monetary obligatory rights in foreign currencies, the amount shall be calculated according to the datum price of rmb market exchange price on the date of decision made by the peoples court on accepting the bankruptcy case
對于以外幣表示的金錢債權，按照人民法院受理破產案件的裁定之日的人民幣市場匯價的基準價計算債權額。分享友人