法定通貨 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [fǎdìngtōnghuò]
法定通貨 英文
fiat currency
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 定 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （平靜; 穩定） calm; stable 2 （已經確定的; 不改變的） fixed; settled; established Ⅱ動詞...
  • 通 : 通量詞（用於動作）
  • 貨 : Ⅰ名詞1. （貨幣; 錢） money 2. （貨物; 商品） goods; commodity 3. （指人, 罵人的話） 4. 動詞[書面語] （出賣） sell
  • 法定 : legal; statutory法定安培 legal ampere; 法定貶值 official devaluation; 法定標準 statutory standard...
  • 通貨 : [經] currency; current money通貨貶值 depreciation of currency; 通貨回籠 recall currency; withdraw...
  1. Two other concepts related to the value of a currency are devaluation or revaluation.

    另外兩個涉及某種通貨價值的概念是法定升值和法定貶值。
  2. Wampum circulated as legal tender for private debts in massachusetts until 1661 and was used as money in new york as late as 1701

    貝殼數珠在馬薩諸塞作為法定貨幣用來清償私人債務一直流通到1661年，在紐約作為貨幣使用知道1701年。
  3. In fact, the design of each individual bank s notes has remained very much in the hands of its own very professional and talented designers, subject to the final approval of the financial secretary in accordance with the legal tender notes issue ordinance

    事實上，每家發鈔銀行的鈔票設計主要都是由其本身的專業設計師負責，最後由財政司司長根據法定貨幣紙幣發行條例通過。
  4. Perhaps the single operational tool is not able to reflect on the overall money supply endogey, but after different tools " hedging ", the basic money supply is bound to show it ; monetary multiplier changes with cycle changes ; it is prepared by the statutory rate, the excessing ready rates, currency rates, periodic joint decision with demand deposits ratio, which commercial - banks ready rate is the most important factor affecting monetary multiplier change

    或許單個操作工具不足以反映基礎貨幣供給整體的內生性，但不同工具之間「對沖」后，基礎貨幣供給的結果必然表現出內生性;貨幣乘數是順周期變化的;它由法定準備率、超額準備率、通貨比率、定期與活期存款比率共同決定，其中商業銀行的超額準備率是影響貨幣乘數變化最主要的因素。
  5. Chapter ii makes analysis on properties of lien on marine goods under article 87 of maritime code, based on examples of legislation on lien in various countries. the author holds that there are two properties of lien : one is lien exercised by the carrier when the freight, contribution in general average and other necessary charges which are the other party ' s obligation to be paid to the carrier are not paid. it is a real right lien, which is a legal real right for security

    第二章通過各國留置權立法例的啟示，分析了我國《海商法》第87條項下的海運貨物留置權的性質，筆者認為其性質分為二部分：承運人為收取運費、共同海損分攤和為貨物墊付的必要費用等屬于對方合同義務的費用而行使的留置權，是一種物權性的留置權，為法定擔保物權；承運人為收取滯期費等屬于對方合同責任的費用而扣留貨物，是一種債權性留置權，為合同的留置權。
  6. To understand and deal with deflation becomes a new task. deflation has been paid close attentain to by academic circles and govern ment departments around the globe. on the basis of investigating the related literature of deflation at home and abroad, the auther of this paper puts emphasis on studying china ' s deflation, including its cause of formation, mechanism of the formation and effectiveness of monetary policy during deflation by qualitative and quantitative analyses, positive and normative analyses, theoretical analysis and case confirmation ; then points out the orientation of china ' s monetary policy by raising the efficiency of monetary policy in the future and avoiding deflation

    本文在分析研究國內外在通貨緊縮判斷標準、形成機理、治理對策等方面研究方法及研究現狀的基礎上，採用實證分析與規范分析相結合，定性分析與定量分析相結合，理論概括與實踐歸納相結合的方法，從多方位、多角度對產生中國目前通貨緊縮的原因進行分析，從理論上梳理出中國目前通貨緊縮形成的邏輯過程，並對通貨緊縮時期貨幣政策的效果及未來貨幣政策的取向進行了深入分析和有效探索。
  7. 3. feasibility analysis of mbs the paper introduces and explains the theory of mbs and analysis the feasibility of mbs in china from many aspects, such as system, laws, financial environment, the situation of housing markets, macroeconomic effect, etc. the reform of land - using system provides mbs system pre - requisite ; the interrelated laws offer the law guarantee for mbs ; the issue of " security act " indicates that the security market of china is being normalized, and the developing prospect of finance in china brings mbs effective support ; the dilemma between the surplus and the shortage of commercial housing gives mbs an important turning point ; the macroeconomic effect of mbs is that it accelerates the economy, reduces the pressure of currency inflation, dissolves the operating risks of finance organs and makes the finance system operate steadily

    三、我國住房抵押證券化的可行性分析本文從住房抵押貨款證券化（ mbs ）的理論分析入手，結合我國住房抵押貸款的發展狀況，分別從制度、法律保障、金融環境、住房市場現狀、宏觀經濟效應等幾方面論述了mbs在我國的可行性：土地使用制度改革為實施mbs提供了制度前提；配套法律制度為實施mbs提供了法律保障； 《證券法》的正式出臺，標志著我國證券市場走向規范，我國良好的金融業發展前景為mbs提供了有效的支持；現階段住房市場的有效供給與有效需求雙重約束的矛盾存在，為證券化實施提供了重要契機； mbs的宏觀經濟效應在於拉動國內需求，促進經濟增長，減輕通貨膨脹壓力，化解金融機構經營風險，保持金融體系穩定運行。
  8. In view of the important role that monetary policy plays in the national macroeconomic regulation, it is quite realistic to study the financial innovation " s influence on the effectiveness of monetary policy. this article, firstly, proposes the concept of financial innovation, and analyses its generation mechanism, then, this article obtains its conclusion with the method of analyzing in great detail how the financial innovation plays its role in the monetary market through its influence on the money supply and demand

    論文首先對本文所要研究的核心概念? ?金融創新的內涵及生成機理進行了深入的剖析，在此基礎上詳細分析了金融創新如何通過影響貨幣供需在貨幣市場上發生作用的過程，得出了本文的結論：金融創新削弱了貨幣政策有效性，但對法定準備金率和貼現率的影響程度大於對公開市場業務的影響，即法定準備金率和貼現率相對于公開市場業務來說更加無效。
  9. The euro is intended to simplify pricing, stem inflation, and strengthen the economic policies of the member countries

    歐元的發行替代了原來法國的法郎、義大利的里拉、德國的馬克，目的是統一定價、阻止通貨膨脹、加強成員國間的經濟政策。
  10. The engendering source of traffic volumes and their general influential factors have been presented, and the situation of nowadays highway transportation has been discussed. according to the introduction of traffic distribution theory and classical assignment method, analysis of traffic flow path selection among cities and that of special influential factors for traffic flow on toll highways, initial analysis to the forming mechanism of traffic volume on road sections has been made, and a probability model for path selection has been set up with the maximum - utility theory and disaggregating model. detailed analysis to impedances on road sections and their functions ( especially to three main composing factors of the impedances as cost of time, transport and toll and to the functional relations with traffic loads ) was made, at the same time, the relative cost calculating model was set up on the basis of the state - of - art achievements in both international and national researches

    主要研究內容包括：交通量的產生根源及一般影響因素分析和當前公路運輸地位討論；從交通分配理論及經典配流方法著手，通過分析城市間交通流路徑選擇行為和收費公路路段交通量特殊影響因素，初步提出路段交通量的形成機理，並採用效用極大原理和非集結模型理論（ disaggregationmodel ） ，建立用戶出行路徑選擇概率模型；對路段阻抗及路阻函數（尤其對行程時間費用、車輛營運費用和道路收費這三個構成路段阻抗的主要因素及其與交通負荷間的函數關系）進行較為詳盡的分析，並以現階段國內外較為先進的研究成果為依據建立相應的成本測算模型，其中，特別提出了兩種確定客貨車輛時間價值的分析方法；離散分析法和時間-費率轉換法，後者是在目前基礎調查、統計數據資料不夠齊全的現實下提出的一種確定道路系統內務車型時間價值的較為實用的新方法；對我國公路收費政策的背景和理論、實踐依據及費率的各種影響因素進行重點分析；從數學的角度證明合理費率的存在性，並以最優化理論為基礎，建立在普通收費公路和擁擠路段交通調控型收費公路兩種模式下合理費率的計算模型等。
  11. All existing banknotes continue to be legal tender and to circulate along with the new banknotes

    所有現有銀行紙幣繼續為法定貨幣，與新鈔同時在市面流通。
  12. Using the macroeconomic model that can reflect financial structure and mechanism of monetary policy, the dissertation analyzes the applicability of intermediate target variables. the demonstration points that the way of using information variable is the realistic choice under the condition of complicate and changeful financial structure. as deflation becomes a realistic challenge to inflation targeting or monetary policy, the dissertation analyzes the state of deflation and liquidity trap and the role of inflation targeting in dealing with them

    論文從確定性過渡到不確定性（沖擊） ，從簡單金融結構過渡到復雜金融結構，以金融結構? ?貨幣政策傳導機制? ?貨幣政策框架選擇為理論邏輯，利用能夠反映金融結構和貨幣政策傳導機制的宏觀經濟模型，研究貨幣政策中介目標或者信息變量的適用性，論證信息變量方法和「通貨膨脹目標制度」是復雜多變的金融結構背景下的現實選擇。
  13. Our contractual law has used those law principals for reference that has been established by the two fundamental legal systems and by both the convention on contracts for the international sale of goods and the international rules for the commercial contracts. it divides the causes of discharging contract into five cases : unavoidable accident, breach of contract, delay of performance, fundamental breach of contract and some other cases

    我國《合同法》在規定合同法定解除事由時，借鑒了兩大法系和《聯合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》 、 《國際商事合同通則》所確立的原則，將合同法定解除事由具體化，分為不可抗力、預期違約、遲延履行經催告，根本違約，法律規定的其他情形等五種形態。
  14. After 1989, the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan ", the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money ", specifically, those listed companies that could finance from the stock market, began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998, the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets, overcapacity, the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries, led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income, persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks, which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks

    如在改革開放初期，在產品市場需求旺盛和信貸市場預算軟約束的情況下，各類企業的最優決策就是採用高負債、高擴張的「負債的有限責任效應」策略來搶占市場並獲得高回報； 1989年以後，需求增速開始放緩，面臨產品市場產業集中度較低和信貸市場「信貸緊縮-不良貸款」循環陷阱導致的中小企業資金緊張的局面， 「錢袋鼓鼓」的優勢企業（尤其是那些可以通過股票市場融通資金的上市公司）紛紛採用掠奪性定價策略，試圖通過把中小企業擠出市場來擴大市場份額並獲得高收益； 1998年以後，產品市場和信貸市場形成了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」惡性循環的狀況。產品市場上部分行業生產能力嚴重過剩，且由於體制等原因導致虧損企業無法退出，因此這些行業中出現了過度競爭的現象，企業總體收益的不斷下滑、負債率不斷提高以及銀行不良資產率的持續上升，又進一步加強了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」的惡性循環。
  15. They are agricultural productive materials price growth rate, sown area of grain crops growth rate, grain yield per area growth rate -, natural disaster covered grain areas growth rate, net grain import change rate, grain reserve change rate, population growth rate, per income growth rate, city and town population growth rate, food industry production value growth rate, year - end pig number growth rate, medical & pharmaceutical and textile industry production value growth rate, grain marketization degree, inflation rate using the previous year as base year ( preceding year = 100 ), public grain purchases price growth rate, investment in agricultural science and technology growth rate, investment in agricultural infrastructure growth rate, growth rate of graduates number from agriculture, forestry, science & technology universities and colleges and specialized secondary schools, government expenditure for agriculture and agricultural credit growth rate, international grain price growth rate, rmb exchange rate growth rate, last grain price growth rate, economic crop price growth rate, meanwhile, a new method is attempted to be used in this paper and the grain price early - warning problem is transformed into machine learning problem by introducing statistic learning theory and svm method which are gaining popularity in machine learning field at present in the world

    在此基礎上，篩選出23個警兆指標：農用生產資料價格增長率、糧食播種面積增長率、糧食單產增長率、糧食受災面積增長率、糧食凈進口量變化率、糧食儲備變動率、人口增長率、人均收入增長率、城鎮人口增長率、食品工業產值增長率、豬年末頭數增長率、醫藥紡織工業產值增長率、糧食市場化程度、以上年為基年的通貨膨脹率、國家糧食定購價格增長率、農業科技投入增長率、農業基礎設施投入增長率、農、林、科技高校大、中專畢業生人數增長率、財政支農資金比重及農業信貸增長率、國際糧食市場價格增長率、人民幣匯率增長率、上期糧食價格增長率、經濟作物價格增長率。同時論文在預警方法上作了新的嘗試，把糧食價格預警問題轉換成一個機器學習問題，引進當前國際上機器學習領域中比較熱門的統計學習理論和支持向量機方法，用順序回歸演算法對歷史數據進行學習建立了糧食價格預警模型。
  16. Expanded policy failed to control deflation and tight policy by raising deposit reserve rate failed to restrain the trend of economic over - heat. various factors can account for the situation

    如擴張性的貨幣政策沒有能夠有效地抑制通貨緊縮，提高法定存款準備金率的從緊的貨幣政策也沒有很好的抑制經濟過熱的勢頭等。
  17. What is more, based on the computing model of the finishing time per piece of flow shop scheduling in the parallel movement, the paper analyzes the subordinate function of its finishing time per piece in respective conditions of definite due date and fuzzy due date, and mutual relationship of two objective functions between minimization of delayed term and maximization of general satisfaction, pointing that the former is the subset of the latter. and representing the satisfaction level of the manager toward finishing time of the piece with the subordinate function of fuzzy due date, making general satisfaction level as objective function, the paper accordingly sets up a mathematical model in the condition of fuzzy due date, and designs a computer simulating system in light of genetic algorithm to carry on an emulation experiment

    在平行順序移動方式下flowshop調度問題的工件完工時間的計算模型基礎上，分析了帶固定交貨期和模糊交貨期時該問題的工件完工時間的隸屬函數，及總拖期最小化和總滿意度最大化這兩個目標函數的相互關系，指出前者西南交通大學博士研究生學位論文第頁問題是後者問題的一個子集，用每個工件模糊交貨期的隸屬函數表示決策者對該工件完工時間的滿意度，以總滿意度為目標函數，相應地建立了該問題下帶模糊交貨期的數學模型，設計了一個基於遺傳演算法的計算機模擬系統進行模擬試驗，結果是令人滿意的。
  18. There need some economic and financial situation, law situational market situation for the successful run of inflation targeting. because of the problem of the aim of monetary policy, the forecast of inflation rate, the self - control problem of monetary policy, the instruments of monetary policy and the conduct of monetary policy, inflation targeting does not suit china now, so does monetary policy with an implicit but not an explicit nominal anchor

    通貨膨脹目標法優勢的發揮，必須具備一定的經濟金融條件、法律環境和市場環境，由於貨幣政策目標問題、通貨膨脹的預測問題、貨幣政策自身的調控力問題、貨幣政策工具問題和貨幣政策傳導機制問題，通貨膨脹目標法目前並不適合我國。
  19. But it was not until 1 august 1937, when the british trade dollar was declared to be no longer legal tender, that the coins in general circulation in hong kong were confined to hong kong coins

    然而，直到1937年8月1日政府宣布英國貿易銀元不再是法定貨幣后，在香港流通的硬幣才變為僅限於在英國鑄造的香港硬幣。
  20. According to it, the following facts, which are difficult to explain in line with what is in the economics textbook, are consistently analyzed and interpreted continual falling of the consumption propensity of residents in china since 1990s ; the reason the value of m2 / gdp is much higher in china than other countries in the world at the corresponding period ; the causes of deflation in china ; the reason the macroeconomic policies, especially monetary policy, fail to work ; the reason the growth both output and price level comes into being instead of stagnation when the price of oil rises ; the reason the two objectives of monetary policy failed to accomplish simultaneously ; the stability of macro - economy in the case of controlled interest rate and exchange rate at the end of this thesis, some suggestions are put forward to accomplish the continually rapid growth for chinese economy, starting the rising of consumption with fiscal policy, ensuring the stable operation of macro - economy with monetary policy, and facilitating the adjustment of economic structure with industrial policy

    本文從轉型期中國經濟的具體實踐出發，在對微觀經濟主體居民和企業的行為特徵和經濟運行的宏觀背景進行歸納和抽象的基礎上，結合宏觀經濟理論的最新發展，建立了一個轉型期中國宏觀經濟分析的理論框架，先後分析和解釋了? 20世紀90年代以來我國居民消費傾向的持續下降； ? 20世紀90年代以來中國的m _ 2 / gdp為何遠遠高於同期世界其它國家； ?通貨緊縮的成因； ?宏觀調控政策尤其是貨幣政策效用受阻的原因； ?為何在石油價格上漲的情況下，我國沒有出現「滯脹」 ，而是出現了物價水平和增長率的「雙增長」 ； ?貨幣政策的兩個目標無法同時實現的原因，以及?利率管制下經濟運行的穩定性等這些按照經濟學教科書難以解釋的現象。論文最後建議，以財政政策啟動消費、以貨幣政策保障宏觀經濟的平穩運行、以產業政策促進經濟結構的調整，實現我國經濟的持續快速發展。
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