競爭排他 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [jìngzhēngbèitā]
競爭排他
英文
competitive exclusion-
They were able to eliminate the effects of party preference because finland has a system of proportional representation that pits candidates of the same party against one another
他們能夠排除政黨偏好的影響，因為芬蘭有個比例代表制，可以讓同政黨的候選人彼此競爭。But the threat of a patchwork of state regulations, combined with the opportunity to profit from new technologies, began to shift business attitudes. （ 4 ） and that movement has gained momentum [ 3 ], because companies that saw their competitors espouse carbon controls began to fear that, once the government got down to designing regulations, they would be left out of the discussion if they did not jump on the bandwagon
而且，這種勢頭越來越猛，因為企業眼見其競爭對手贊成控制碳排放，開始擔心如若自己不「順勢而動」 ，那麼一旦（聯邦）政府考慮制定有關規定時，就不會采納他們的意見。According to non - excludability and non - rivalness, we can divide public goods into pure public goods, club goods, and common - pool resources
根據公共物品非競爭性和非排他性的特徵，可以將公共物品分為：純公共物品、俱樂部產品、共同資源。Traffic is characterized by sharing common resources, which is not mutually exclusive but competitive
摘要交通具有共有資源的特性，沒有排他性而有競爭性。Agreements referred to this law are agreement, decision or concerted action which eliminate or restrict competition
本法所稱壟斷協議，是指排除、限制競爭的協議、決定或者其他協同行為。The countryside public goods, which are the rural goods have the non - rival ness and the non - excludability in the expense process
農村公共物品，相對于農村私人物品而言，是滿足農村公共需要，在消費過程中具有非競爭性和非排他性的物品。Urban mass transit infrastructure is incomplete public goods with some characters of excludability and rivalness. as a result, many problems come out when urban mass transit is collocated
它是一種具有部分非排他性和部分非競爭性的準公共產品，這種屬性造成了軌道交通產品和服務在資源配置中的困難。Because of public goods " two characteristics, non - excludability and non - rivalry, the market cannot provide it efficiently, the government become the sole providers in the public goods market
公共物品消費過程中所具有的非排他性和非競爭性特點，導致市場在提供公共物品時出現失靈現象，在這種情況下，政府成為公共物品的唯一提供者。This dissertation analyzes some fundamental concepts in the theory of public goods. based on the characters of non - rivalrousness and non - excludability, the dissertation draws a fundamental arrangement. pure public goods and private goods respectively lie in the beginning and the end of the arrangement
本文針對公共物品理論中的一些基本概念進行了深入的分析與探討，以公共物品的非排他性和非競爭性特徵為基本出發點，勾畫出物品的一個基本序列，將純公共物品和私人物品列于序列的兩極，而絕大多數物品則位於這兩個極端之間的某一點。Exclusive dealing and trying arrangements hamper competition in the distribution process.
排他性的交易和搭賣安排對分配過程中的競爭造成遏製作用。Article 6 public utility enterprises or other operators having monopolistic status according to law shall not force others to buy the goods of operators designated by them so as to exclude other operators from competing fairly
第六條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，不得限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭。Article 6 public utility enterprises or other operators having monopolistic status according to law shall not force others to buy the goods of the operators designated by them so as to exclude other operators from competing fairly
第六條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，不得限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭。Article 6 public facility enterprises or the other enterprises which legally monopolized the special market in accordance with law shall not force the others to purchase the commodities pointed by the enterprises or prohibit the competition from the other companies
第六條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，不得限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭。Article 23 where public utility enterprises or other operators having monopolistic status according to law force others to buy the goods of the operators designated by them so as to prevent other operators from competing fairly, the control and inspection authorities at the level of provinces or of municipalities which are divided into districts shall order them to desist from the illegal acts and may punish them by imposing, according to circumstances, fines of more than rmb 50, 000 yuan and less than rmb 200, 000 yuan
第二十三條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭的，省級或者設區的市的監督檢查部門應當責令停止違法行為，可以根據情節處以五萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款。Article 23 where public utility enterprises or other operators having monopolistic status according to law force others to buy the goods of operators designated by them so as to prevent other operators from competing fairly, the control and inspection authorities at the level of provinces or municipalities which are divided into districts shall order them to desist from the illegal acts and may punish them by imposing, according to circumstances, fines of more than rmb 50, 000 yuan and less than rmb 200, 000 yuan
第二十三條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭的，省級或者設區的市的監督檢查部門應當責令停止違法行為，可以根據情節處以五萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款。Article 23 manager of public facility enterprise or the other enterprises with a legal monopoly position force others to purchase the commodities which the manager manages, or put the other managers out of competition, the supervisor in the provincial or city with directions administration shall order to stop illegal activities, and may fine amount from more than 50, 000 to less than 200, 000 rmb yuan in accordance with the facts
第二十三條公用企業或者其他依法具有獨佔地位的經營者，限定他人購買其指定的經營者的商品，以排擠其他經營者的公平競爭的，省級或者設區的市的監督檢查部門應當責令停止違法行為，可以根據情節處以五萬元以上二十萬元以下的罰款。Lastly, i would like to reaffirm the force strategy towards the media. we understand that the media face fierce competition in seeking information, therefore we are ready to make practical arrangements for them to facilitate their work as far as practicable
在結束講話之前，讓我重申警隊對傳媒的政策，我們明白到傳媒要面對激烈的競爭及對消息的渴求，而我們亦樂意在我們能力范圍內為傳媒作出實際的安排，以便他們采訪。Further research indicates that postal state monopoly repels, restrains and hinders other participants participating in competition, which causes enormous losses to social net welfare
進一步分析表明，郵政的國家壟斷排斥、限制和妨礙其他參與者參與競爭，對社會冷福利和消費者冷福利造成巨大損失。" global competition has reached every corner of the world, " warned professor jeff yeung, director of the chinese university s graduate diploma in logistics and supply chain management, " to survive in this highly demanding and competitive marketplace, manufacturers must improve inventory turnovers and flexibility to meet customer requirements. " this dual goal, he said, could be met by a new approach called " multiple freeze fences " in managing manufacturing resources planning systems
香港中文大學供應鏈與物流管理深造文憑課程主任楊海仁教授警告：世界每一角落都已捲入全球性競爭。要在高要求和高競爭的全球市場突圍而出，廠家必須改善存貨周轉，靈活安排，以符合客戶需要。他稱，透過生產資源管理及利用多凍結期嶄新管理方法，就可以達到這些目標。Administrative monopoly refers to the behaviors of controlling and cornering market competition by the way of utilization of other public power under the control of administrative organs in local government and national trade economic management. we should study the concept from the following parts such as the subject - characteristic, difference with economic controlling and legal immunity
行政壟斷是地方政府行政機關和國家行業經濟管理部門主要憑借行政權力的行使，在其他公共權力綜合運用的影響下，對經濟活動進行排他性控制、消除或者限制市場競爭的行為。我們應從行政壟斷的主體、性質、與宏觀經濟調控的本質區別、法律豁免等方面綜合理解其概念。分享友人