自上而下加工 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zìshàngērxiàjiāgōng]
自上而下加工
英文
todown processing-
But this additional food is only obtained by a great additional amount of labour ; so that not only an agricultural has much less leisure than a pastoral population, but, with the imperfect tools and unskillful processes which are for a long time employed ( and which over the greater part of the earth have not even yet been abandoned ), agriculturists do not, unless in unusually advantageous circumstances of climate and soil, produce so great a surplus of food, beyond their necessary consumption, as to support any large class of labourers engaged in other departments of industry
但是只有靠大量增加勞動，才能生產出更多的糧食，因此不僅農業人口比起遊牧人口來說空閑時間要少得多，而且由於長期使用不完善的工具和不熟練的技藝（在世界上很大一部分地區直到現在仍是這樣） ，除了在氣候和土壤特別有利的情況下，農民們生產不出超過自身消費量很多的余糧，因而供養不了大群從事其他產業的勞動者。The procedure functions in the compare between partial image of dynamic collection and corresponding image of the airscape. in chapter 5, basing on the analysis of correlative theory of digital image, we introduce the improved fasted - down algorithm and simulative anneal algorithm, which applies to nn calculation, an d bring forward the unique and effective means, correlative original value evaluation. basing on the combination of correlative arithmetic, a stable, high - speed and exact correlative arithmetic is formed, which makes it possible to apply computer vision detection of single - needle quilting in industrial production
本文展開研究並取得一定成效：構建了基於pci總線的微機實時圖像採集系統；在採集的布料總圖（鳥瞰圖）的基礎上，通過數字圖像的數字濾波、圖像增強、邊緣檢測等處理，提取布料圖像的邊緣，對輪廓的矢量化的象素點進行搜索，得到相應的圖案矢量圖，從而確定絎縫的加工軌跡，生成加工指令；在進給加工過程中，主計算機對動態局部圖像與總圖（鳥瞰圖）的對應部分進行圖像相關的匹配計算，應用數字圖像理論，結合神經網路計算的改進最速下降法和模擬退火演算法，提出獨特而有效的相關迭代初始值賦值方法，形成穩定、高速和準確的相關運算，實現單針絎縫視覺測量和自動控制。So far, the main frame of the conjugation of betrand are established, on the basis of which, it is given that the primary condition the directrix line must be satisfied, the relative curvature of the conjugating surfaces, the relations between non - interventional condition and curvature axle of the directrix line, and so on. the transmission of normal circular - arc gear is a typical bertrand conjugation. in order to promote the transformation from theory to technology, the general principle of this kind of transmission is studied
為了使研究更加貼近於工程，便於解析處理，提出準面的概念，並確立由準面到準線的研究路線，給出了各種傳動形式下準面與準線的具體特徵，證明了共軛準面上兩準線的誘導測地曲率等於零的這一不干涉條件，進而指出，當準面為平行軸和相交軸傳動的節曲面時，不干涉條件自然滿足。From roundwood reservoir in county wicklow of a cubic capacity of 2, 400 million gallons, percolating through a subterranean aqueduct of filter mains of single and double pipeage constructed at an initial plant cost of 5 per linear yard by way of the dargle, rathdown, glen of the downs and callowhill to the 26 acre reservoir at stillorgan, a distance of 22 statute miles, and thence, through a system of relieving tanks, by a gradient of 250 feet to the city boundary at eustace bridge, upper leeson street, though from prolonged summer drouth and daily supply of 12 1 2 million gallons the water had fallen below the sill of the overflow weir for which reason the borough surveyor and waterworks engineer, mr spencer harty, c. e., on the instructions of the waterworks committee, had prohibited the use of municipal water for purposes other than those of consumption envisaging the possibility of recourse being had to the importable water of the grand and royal canals as in 1893 particularly as the south dublin guardians, notwithstanding their ration of 15 gallons per day per pauper supplied through a 6 inch meter, had been convicted of a wastage of 20, 000 gallons per night by a reading of their meter on the affirmation of the law agent of the corporation, mr ignatius rice, solicitor, thereby acting to the detriment of another section of the public, selfsupporting taxpayers, solvent, sound
但是由於夏季久旱，再加上每天供水一千二百五十萬加侖，水位已降到低於排水口。都市監察官兼水道局技官土木工程師斯潘塞哈蒂奉水道局的指示鑒于有可能會像一八九三年那樣被迫利用大運河和皇家運河那不宜飲用的水，除了飲用外，下令一律禁止使用市裡供應的自來水。尤其是南都柏林濟貧院，盡管限定用六英寸的計量器，每個貧民每日配給十五加侖水，然而在市政府法律顧問辯護律師伊格內修斯賴斯的監督下，經查表證實，每夜要浪費兩萬加侖水，從而使院外的社會各階層也就是自費並有支付能力的納稅者們蒙受損害。Present methods generally based on the statistics of earthquake damage, expert experiences, theory analysis and experimental researches have obvious advantages, disadvantages and certain scopes of application ; ( 2 ) different prediction methods should be adopted against different building conditions, sites, intensity and experiences etc to predict earthquake damage of buildings for prospective accuracy, dependability and availability ; ( 3 ) earthquake damage matrix, which is the foundation of earthquake damage prediction, of 7 kinds of building in the urban areas of zhangzhou city under intensity 6 to 9 has been set up. the damage conditions of different buildings under different intensity are as followings : all kinds of structures are basically intact under intensity 6 ; the reinforced concrete structures are basically intact under intensity 7, but other kinds of structures are destroyed slightly ; the reinforced concrete structures are still basically intact while other kinds of structures are destroyed intermediately under intensity 8 ; the reinforced concrete structures are destroyed slightly, single - story factories and open houses are destroyed intermediately and other kinds of structures are destroyed seriously under intensity 9 ; ( 4 ) the results of earthquake damage predicting of buildings embody the damage when earthquake happens in the future. thus, further identifications and reinforcements should be considered to buildings that will be destroyed intermediately or more under the earthquake with 10 % exceeding probability in future 50 years ; ( 5 ) the direct economic losses caused by damage of buildings resting with the area, structural type, intensity and damage of all kinds of buildings are the main part of the losses of the city in an earthquake ; ( 6 ) the direct economic losses increased progressively toward high intensity by 2 or 3 times
基於上述研究，得出的主要結論有：建築物震害預測是一個模糊的、系統的、復雜的問題，現有的方法很多一般都是以震害統計規律、專家經驗、理論分析和試驗研究為依據，有其自身的優缺點和一定的適用范圍；應針對不同的建築物條件、場地條件、地震強度和已有經驗等，採用不同的預測方法進行建築物震害預測，以使預測結果達到預期的精確性、可靠性和可操作性；建立了漳州市區7類建築物在6度9度地震作用下的震害矩陣，成為指導抗震防災的重要依據，各類結構的震害情況表現為： 6度地震作用下各類建築物基本完好； 7度地震作用下除鋼筋混凝土結構基本完好外其餘以建築輕微破壞為主； 8度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構仍以基本完好為主而其餘建築以中等破壞為主； 9度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構以輕微破壞為主，單層工業廠房和空曠房屋以中等破壞為主，其餘建築以嚴重破壞為主；建築物的震害預測結果體現了未來地震來臨時的震害程度，在編制漳州市區抗震防災規劃時，對于遭遇50年超越概率10的地震影響發生中等以上破壞的建築物應考慮進行抗震鑒定和加固；由建築物的破壞所造成的直接經濟損失是城市地震經濟損失的主要部分，重慶大學碩士學位論文中文摘要其主要與建築物總面積、結構類型、地震烈度和各類建築物的震害程度有關;不同烈度造成的直接經濟損失按2一3倍向高烈度方向遞增，漳州市區直接經濟損失由6度至9度的比例關系為1 : 2 . 8 : 8 . 6 : 22 . 8 ;遭遇基本地震設防烈度（ 7度）時，漳州市區直接經濟損失約4 . 5億元，無家可歸人員約40000人，且以磚木結構和多層磚混結構的震害損失最大;地震造成的人員傷亡主要與建築物倒塌及嚴重破壞的程度和總面積以及震時的建築物室內人數密切相關，地震時無家可歸人員主要與住宅倒塌、嚴重破壞及中等破壞的程度和總面積以及城市人均居住面積密切相關。Attentional capture and top - down processes
注意捕獲與自上而下的加工過程This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory
本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。Against the way so called " top to down " by which most of the educational study deduct the certain theory, this paper prefers to use the collaboration of the way of " top to down " and the way of " bottom to up ", but the preferable way is " bottom to up " : i go near the world of the teacher ' s life, listen to the voice of the teacher, i make an attempt to keep the teacher ' s real situation, motion, chance and feeling, i welcome to invite readers to give an ear to their stories and understand the teacher ' s personal practical theory, also, expect me to do tiny but deep - ground task for verbalism in the educational study by standing the position on the chinese reality
與當前教育研究中大量的從既有理論框架中推演出某種論點並加以論證的所謂「自上而下」的方式不同，本研究更傾向于採取「自下而上」與「自上而下」相結合併以前者為主的策略：走近教師的生活世界，傾聽教師的聲音，用敘事的方式盡可能保留實踐中的情境、流動、機緣、感受，邀請讀者一同傾聽故事，並以此為基礎展開對教師個人實踐理論的理解，也期望通過立足中國現實土壤的研究為教育研究本土化做一點哪怕微不足道卻是扎實的工作。In the research task supported by the key technologies r & d program in the 9th five - year plan of jiangsu province, the study focuses on the nc milling programming software development method and the corresponding algorithms on the basis of acis. by using the development interfaces provided by acis, the author has made some innovation to tool path generation algorithms. based on acis, a new set operation method of loops is presented in this paper
藉助acis提供的開發介面實現對一些刀具軌跡生成演算法的創新：提出了一種基於acis的環集合運算方法，該演算法充分利用了acis的功能，使演算法實現過程大大簡化，並提高了演算法效率；設計了一種加工區域識別演算法，該演算法可以識別出由存在復雜嵌套關系的多個型腔環和島嶼環組成的零件幾何模型中的待加工區域；提出了一種實體精加工刀具軌跡生成演算法，該演算法可以自動計算出待加工零件在一個加工方向上所有的刀具軌跡，從而在某些情況下，大大方便數控編程人員完成nc代碼的生成。The automation of coal flotation has been wandering for many years in china. the production efficiency is relatively low because of the feed forward control which adds the flotation reagent based on the fine coal in feed slurry, ignoring the quantity and quality of the products. aiming at this problem, method of measuring the flotation technical parameters was studied, the slurry level meter and the slurry ash - measuring device were worked out, and the computer control system of the coal flotation was designed. the feedback control was realized by using the fuzzy logic control control technology to regulate the reagent addition and the slurry level in the flotation tank according to the concentrate ash content detectedby the coal slurry ash - measuring device developed. the industrial experiment indicates that the performance inedxes of the coal slurry ashmeasuring device have come up to the advanced levek of the world. the application of the detection and control system in huaibei coal preparation plant results in a high concentrate recovery, a decrease of the reagent consumption, ensuring a highly efficient operation
浮選自動化在我國多年來徘徊不前，一直採用根據入浮煤漿中的干煤泥量來確定加藥量的前饋控制方法，而不直接以產品的數質量指標作為控制目標，導致浮選生產效率較低.針對上述問題，研究了浮選工藝參數的檢測方法，開發了浮選漿位儀和煤漿測灰儀，設計了浮選計算機控制系統，它根據煤漿測灰儀旁線檢測的精煤灰分，運用模糊控制技術，通過調整浮選藥劑添加量和浮選機漿位，來實現浮選過程的反饋控制.工業性試驗表明，煤漿測灰儀的性能指標接近國外先進水平.煤泥浮選測控系統在淮北選煤廠的現場使用，使浮選生產在精煤灰分合格的前提下，得到了較高的產率，並降低了藥劑用量，從而保證選煤廠高效率地運行Abstract : the automation of coal flotation has been wandering for many years in china. the production efficiency is relatively low because of the feed forward control which adds the flotation reagent based on the fine coal in feed slurry, ignoring the quantity and quality of the products. aiming at this problem, method of measuring the flotation technical parameters was studied, the slurry level meter and the slurry ash - measuring device were worked out, and the computer control system of the coal flotation was designed. the feedback control was realized by using the fuzzy logic control control technology to regulate the reagent addition and the slurry level in the flotation tank according to the concentrate ash content detectedby the coal slurry ash - measuring device developed. the industrial experiment indicates that the performance inedxes of the coal slurry ashmeasuring device have come up to the advanced levek of the world. the application of the detection and control system in huaibei coal preparation plant results in a high concentrate recovery, a decrease of the reagent consumption, ensuring a highly efficient operation
文摘:浮選自動化在我國多年來徘徊不前，一直採用根據入浮煤漿中的干煤泥量來確定加藥量的前饋控制方法，而不直接以產品的數質量指標作為控制目標，導致浮選生產效率較低.針對上述問題，研究了浮選工藝參數的檢測方法，開發了浮選漿位儀和煤漿測灰儀，設計了浮選計算機控制系統，它根據煤漿測灰儀旁線檢測的精煤灰分，運用模糊控制技術，通過調整浮選藥劑添加量和浮選機漿位，來實現浮選過程的反饋控制.工業性試驗表明，煤漿測灰儀的性能指標接近國外先進水平.煤泥浮選測控系統在淮北選煤廠的現場使用，使浮選生產在精煤灰分合格的前提下，得到了較高的產率，並降低了藥劑用量，從而保證選煤廠高效率地運行Along with national macroscopic control, the market of road project becomes more and more competitive, such as the price of contract is worse. the industry is threshed by three market injections, that is increasing material price, the lowest acceptance and cash guarantee. the above make the industries of road project under the situation of the lower profit and harder capital running and greater competition pressure
隨著國家的宏觀調控，公路工程建築市場競爭日愈加劇，其承包價格戰進入了白熱化階段，而且自2003年以來，還不斷受到建築原材料價格上漲、最低價中標制度、現金保證金制度三個市場因素的嚴酷沖擊，直接導致公路工程施工企業利潤大幅下滑和資金運轉困難，企業面臨極大的競爭壓力，生存環境不容樂觀。I claim in the website that has hypostatic store saw good clothing, contact load to take then, gross 375 yuan, the following day i collected money to go ( collect ) with cash directly, i made a telephone call immediately, customer service said to odd was not collected when i collect money in the evening that day, and their company portfolio is too large, check very hard without what collect odd, my zhang brings into the likelihood inside company boss account, i call him to call a boss to check, he says the boss wants ability of next month base to handle, i consider the power that their manager did not audit accounts in fact this kind of case also can appear, check my zhang very hard, the problem is he says to want me to collect many similar fund to add an odd again, the system can show the money that i collect, if want me to collect 375. 25 yuan again, collected them to return my money reappearance money so, i ask him this is what principle, he says is " of business of mobile phone of " odd inquiry, after all does industrial and commercial bank have such business
我在一間自稱有實體店的網站看了不錯的衣服，於是聯繫上客服，總共375元，第二天我匯了錢過去（直接用現金匯） ，我馬上打了一個電話過去，那天晚上客服說我匯錢時沒有匯到零頭，而他們的公司業務量過大，沒有匯零頭的很難查到，可能我的賬納入到公司老闆賬戶裏面，我叫他叫老闆查，他說老闆要到下一個月底才能處理，他們經理沒有查賬的權力我想事實上這種情況也會出現，很難查到我的賬，問題是他說要我匯多一筆同樣的錢再加個零頭，系統就會顯示出我匯的錢，如要我再匯375 . 25元，這樣匯了他們就返回我的錢再發貨，我問他這是什麼原理，他說是"零頭查詢手機業務" ，究竟工商銀行有沒有這樣的業務The main work and achievement are as follows : based on the adequately investigation on the process of eps accelerator radiant system, we put forward a distribution control system for eps accelerator based on plc + ic
其主要工作和成果如下：本文在充分調研eps加速器輻照系統工藝生產流程基礎上，提出了基於plc +工業計算機的兩級集散式eps加速器自動化與監控的方案，從而最大限度地保證了生產的正常進行。Do not take an examination of it is ok also to grind the ability fluctuation effort that increasing oneself, for instance, choose the intellectual side that learns the 2nd major to enlarge his, be equal to the capacity that increased oneself, enter each activity of the school actively, raise oneself public relations, the gregarious ability such as communication, the leader organizes ability, attend a society to carry out the social experience that increases his, the condition of professional and positive innovation of combinative study participates in an exercitation to wait a moment, your record of formal schooling adds ability to be able to promote the competition ability of your confidence and obtain employment greatly, had self - confidence and competition ability, you can show itself in apply for, realize oneself obtain employment ideal
不考研也可以在提高自己的能力上下工夫，比如，選學第二專業擴大自己的知識面，等於提高了自己的能力，積極參加學校的各項活動，提高自己的公關，交流等社交能力，領導組織能力，參加社會實踐增加自己的社會閱歷，結合學習的專業積極創造條件參與實習等等，你的學歷加能力可以大大提升你的信心和就業的競爭力，有了自信和競爭力，你就會在應聘中脫穎而出，實現自己的就業理想。To add " the economic activities of hong kong are getting busier by the day and its population keeps growing, and " after " that, as " ; to add " generated " after " amount of waste " ; to add " and trades " after " development of environmental industries " ; to add " and trades " after " comprehensive policy on environmental industries " ; to add " and principles such as polluter - pays to reduce waste generation and increase incentive to recover waste and, at the same time, studying the feasibility of restricting the disposal of toxic waste in landfills, so as " after " producer responsibility scheme " ; to add " the source separation of domestic waste programme as well as " after " comprehensively implementing " ; to add " as well as separation " after " recovery stations " ; to delete " and " after " green procurement policy " and substitute with ", " ; to add " and strongly urging public and private organizations to develop green procurement guidelines " after " to comply with it " ; to add " and labelling " after " green certification " ; to add " as well as establishing a database " after " products and services " ; to add " expediting the tendering exercise for the remaining lots in phase i of the ecopark and expeditiously drawing up a timetable for the granting of lots in phase ii in order to develop high value - added environmental industries ; " after " ; to delete " and " after " related work ; " and substitute with " reviewing the existing legislation regulating environmental industries and trades and actively studying the feasibility of implementing a licensing regime for certain environmental industries and trades, in order to enable a healthy development of such enterprises and, at the same time, avoid causing unnecessary damage to the natural environment and nuisances to the residents in the vicinity ; and " ; to delete the original " and substitute with " ; to add " and trades " after " participate in those environmental industries " ; and to add " and trades " after " promoting the economic development of environmental industries "
在"鑒于"之後加上"香港經濟活動日益頻繁和人口持續增加， "在"本港廢物"之後加上"產生"在"構成環保工業"之後加上"和行業"在"政府為環保工業"之後加上"和行業"在"生產者責任制"之後刪除" ，以" ，並以"和污染者自付等原則，以減少產生廢物和增強廢物回收意欲，同時研究限制將有毒廢物棄置在堆填區的可行性，從而"代替在"全面推行"之後加上"家居廢物源頭分類計劃和"在"廢物回收點"之後加上"分類"在"遵守， "之後加上"力促各公營和私營機構訂立環保采購指引， "在"環保認證"之後加上"和標簽"在"制度， "之後加上"以及建立資料庫， "在"六"之後加上"加快進行環保園第一期餘下土地的招標工作和盡快制訂第二期計劃的批地時間表，以發展高增值的環保工業"在"相關工作"之後刪除"及" ，並以"七檢討現行規管環保工業和行業的法例，積極研究對某些環保工業和行業實施發牌制度的可行性，令該等企業得以健康發展，同時避免對自然環境帶來不必要破壞和對附近居民造成滋擾及"代替刪除原有的"七" ，並以"八"代替在"具前景的環保工業"之後加上"和行業"及在"推動環保工業"之後加上"和行業" 。Most trade associations in our country came into being with reform of government organization from top to bottom and reorganization of trade administration bureau of government. they have the color of government administration unavoidably in jurisdiction, object of service, personnel and funds, which has caused duty of the trade association to lie in managing enterprises as members, but not to serve members, let alone trade self - disciplining and coordination. and this ca n ' t meet the need after our country joined wto
由於我國的行業協會多是伴隨政府機構改革自上而下產生的，由政府的各行業管理局改組而成，從行政隸屬上、服務對象上、人事上、經費上不免帶有以往政府行政管理的色彩，這就造成了行業協會的工作職責在於管理作為會員的企業，而非為會員服務，更談不上行業自律和行業協調，不能適應我國加入世貿組織的需要。Since early this year, it has been reorganized to meet the needs of children of different age groups. initiates, including those with young children, volunteer their services at the house, and artistically talented practitioners serve as teachers. with additional help from the dharma guards, the children s house has been transformed from a tumultuous place into a paradise for youngsters
自今年初后，一些同修專職為了不同年孩童之需要，重新規劃了兒童屋的整體運用，並招募了一批本身有小孩或有興趣的同修當義工，以及一些具有才藝的同修當老師，加上各組護法人員的配合下，兒童屋自此有了全然不同的面貌，一改過去鬧哄哄的景象，而成為小朋友們的新天堂樂園。Fabrication of nanostructures based on spm as an extension to spm imaging, referred to as scanning probe nanofabrication ( spn ) is an emerging technique undertaken at labs in the past ten years that comprises manipulation of atom or molecule in a bottom - up paradigm and scanning probe lithography ( spl ) in a top - down paradigm. in chapter one, in the light of decentralized experimental data in this respect, the author, classify in an analytic approach the literature concerned as electrical spl, mechanical spl, thermal spl, and optical spl in terms of different mechanisms of interplay between a probe and a surface of a sample, after describing the most important of this type of microscopy, i. e., scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy
由於這項技術的實驗數據比較分散，因此，作者在論文的第一章里首先介紹了掃描探針顯微鏡的兩個最重要的類型，即掃描隧道顯微鏡和掃描原子力顯微鏡的工作原理；然後根據加工方式的不同把它分為自下而上的掃描探針原子（分子）操縱與自上而下的掃描探針刻蝕兩大類；而根據掃描探針與樣品的不同作用機理，對掃描探針刻蝕加工又進行了歸納與綜述，對其特殊的加工方法作了原理性的介紹，並分析了目前存在的共性問題與應用前景。分享友人